Added klog as a new logging system

* The logging system sends the message to both VGA and serial
* The serial print uses color to indicate the category of the message

Message Categories  |  Colours
Debug			Green
Info			Blue
Error			Red

.gdbinit

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+target remote localhost:1234
+
+file root/boot/myos.bin
+symbol-file kernel.sym
+
+break prekernel/prekernel.cpp:18
+continue

.gitignore

@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-build
-CON
-.vscode
+build/
+bin/
+.vscode/
+.idea/
 isodir/
 root/
 *.iso
 *.img
 *.sym
+*.o
+*.a
 
 
+/CoreLib/warnings.log
+/kernel/warnings.log

CoreLib/List.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 25/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+
+class List {
+public:
+    List* next;
+    void* data;
+};
+

CoreLib/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+CPP = /opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-g++
+CFLAGS = -ffreestanding -Og -ggdb -Wall -Wextra
+
+BUILD_DIR = ../build/CoreLib
+OBJ_FOLDER = ../bin/CoreLib
+OUTPUTFILE = $(BUILD_DIR)/libCoreLib.a
+
+OFILES = $(OBJ_FOLDER)/ctype.o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/memory.o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/path.o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/stack.o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/string.o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/stringview.o
+
+.phony: all
+all: $(OUTPUTFILE)
+	cp *.h $(BUILD_DIR)/include/CoreLib
+
+$(OUTPUTFILE): $(OFILES)
+	pwd
+	ar -rc $(OUTPUTFILE) $(OFILES)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/ctype.o: ctype.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c ctype.cpp -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/ctype.o $(CFLAGS)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/memory.o: Memory.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c Memory.cpp -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/memory.o $(CFLAGS)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/path.o: Path.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c Path.cpp  -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/path.o $(CFLAGS)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/stack.o: Stack.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c Stack.cpp  -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/stack.o $(CFLAGS)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/string.o: String.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c String.cpp -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/string.o $(CFLAGS)
+
+$(OBJ_FOLDER)/stringview.o: StringView.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c StringView.cpp  -o $(OBJ_FOLDER)/stringview.o $(CFLAGS)
+

CoreLib/Memory.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//
+#include "Memory.h"
+
+void* memset (void* ptr, int value, size_t num)
+{
+    for( int i = 0; i < num; i++ )
+    {
+        unsigned char* data  = (unsigned char*)ptr+ i;
+        *data = (unsigned char)value;
+    }
+    return ptr;
+}
+
+
+int memcmp( const void* ptr1, const void* ptr2, size_t num)
+{
+    auto* cs = (const unsigned char*) ptr1;
+    auto* ct = (const unsigned char*) ptr2;
+
+
+    for (int i = 0 ; i < num ; i++, cs++, ct++ ){
+        if( *cs != *ct)
+            return *cs - *ct;
+
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused]] void memcpy (void* dest, const void* src, size_t count ){
+    for( int i = 0; i < count; i++){
+        ((char *)dest)[i] = ((const char*)src)[i];
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+size_t strlen(const char* str) {
+    size_t len = 0;
+    while(str[len]){
+        len++;
+    }
+    return len;
+}
+
+int strncmp ( const char* str1, const char* str2, size_t num ){
+    for( int i = 0; i < num ; i++){
+
+        if( str1[i] < str2[i]){
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        if( str1[i] > str2[i] ){
+            return 1;
+        }
+
+
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+char* strchr(const char* s , int c){
+    while(*s) {
+        if(*s == c) return const_cast<char*>(s);
+        s++;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+char* strtok(char* str, const char* delim , char**saveptr){
+    char *begin;
+    if(str) {
+        begin = str;
+    }
+    else if (*saveptr) {
+        begin = *saveptr;
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    while(strchr(delim, begin[0])) {
+        begin++;
+    }
+
+
+    char *next = NULL;
+    for(int i = 0; i < strlen(delim); i++) {
+        char *temp = strchr(begin, delim[i]);
+        if(temp < next || next == NULL) {
+            next = temp;
+        }
+    }
+    if(!next) {
+        *saveptr = NULL;
+        return begin;
+    }
+    *next = 0;
+    *saveptr=next+1;
+    return begin;
+}

CoreLib/Memory.h

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+void* memset (void* ptr, int value, size_t num);
+
+int memcmp( const void* ptr1, const void* ptr2, size_t num);
+
+[[maybe_unused]] void memcpy (void* dest, const void* src, size_t count );
+
+size_t strlen(const char* str);
+
+int strncmp ( const char* str1, const char* str2, size_t num );
+
+char* strtok(char* str, const char* delim , char**saveptr);

CoreLib/Path.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//
+#include "Path.h"
+
+Path::Path(String path)
+: path(path)
+{
+
+}
+
+StringView Path::getbasename()
+{
+    unsigned int path_length = path.length();
+    int i = path_length;
+    while (path[i] != '/')
+        i--;
+
+    return {path,static_cast<unsigned int>(i +1), path_length};
+}
+
+char* Path::str() {
+    return path.str();
+}

CoreLib/Path.h

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include "StringView.h"
+
+
+class Path{
+public:
+    explicit Path(String path);
+
+    StringView getbasename();
+
+    char* str();
+
+private:
+    String path;
+
+};
+
+

CoreLib/Stack.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//

CoreLib/Stack.h

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "../kernel/memory/KernelHeap.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+template <typename T>
+class Stack {
+    public:
+        inline Stack() {
+                elements = (T[MAX_STACK_SIZE]) malloc(MAX_STACK_SIZE * sizeof(T));
+                num = 0;
+
+        }
+
+        inline void  Push(T element){
+            num++;
+            if(num > MAX_STACK_SIZE)
+                grow();
+
+            element[num] = element;
+        }
+
+     
+        inline T Pop()
+        {
+            T temp = elements[num];
+            num --;
+
+            return temp;
+        }
+
+        inline bool isEmpty()
+        {
+            return num == 0;
+        }
+
+        inline bool isFull()
+        {
+                return num == MAX_STACK_SIZE;
+        }
+
+      
+        inline int count()
+        {
+                return num;
+        }
+
+        inline ~Stack()
+        {
+            free(elements);
+        }
+
+
+    private:
+        unsigned int MAX_STACK_SIZE;
+        T[MAX_STACK_SIZE] elements;
+        unsigned int num;
+
+        inline void grow (){
+            MAX_STACK_SIZE = MAX_STACK_SIZE + (int)(MAX_STACK_SIZE / 4);
+            T[] new_elements =(T[MAX_STACK_SIZE]) malloc(MAX_STACK_SIZE * sizeof(T));
+
+            for ( int i = 0; i < num ; i++){
+                new_elements[i] = elements[i];
+            }
+            free(elements);
+            elements = new_elements;
+
+        }
+
+
+
+};
+

CoreLib/String.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#include "String.h"
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+
+String::String(char* characters)
+: chars(characters)
+        {
+
+        }
+
+char* String::str(){
+    return chars;
+}
+
+unsigned int String::length ()
+{
+    int i = 0;
+
+    while (  chars[i] != '\0'){
+        i++;
+    }
+
+    return i;
+}
+
+// Returns a null character if size exceeds limits
+char String::operator[] (size_t idx)
+{
+    if( idx  > this->length())
+        return '\0';
+
+    return chars[idx];
+}
+
+const char String::operator[](size_t idx) const {
+return (const char) chars[idx];
+}
+

CoreLib/String.h

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+class  String {
+public:
+    String(char* characters);
+    String(String&) = default;
+    unsigned int length();
+
+    char* str ();
+    char operator[](size_t index) ;
+    const char operator[](size_t idx) const;
+
+protected:
+    char* chars;
+
+
+};

CoreLib/StringView.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//
+#include "StringView.h"
+
+StringView::StringView(String string, unsigned int start, unsigned int end)
+        : String(string), begin(start), end(end)
+{
+
+}
+
+char* StringView::str(){
+   //TODO: Not implemented
+}

CoreLib/StringView.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 19/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+#include "String.h"
+
+class StringView : String {
+public:
+    StringView(String string, unsigned int start, unsigned  int end );
+    char* str ();
+private:
+    unsigned int begin;
+    unsigned int end;
+};

CoreLib/ctype.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 25/02/23.
+//
+#include "ctype.h"
+
+int isupper (int ch){
+    if( ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+int islower (int ch){
+    if(ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z'){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int isalpha (int ch) {
+    if(isupper(ch)){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    if(islower(ch)){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+int isdigit (int ch){
+    if(ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int isxdigit (int ch){
+    if(isdigit(ch)){
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if( ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f'){
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    if( ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F'){
+        return 1;
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int iscntrl (int ch){
+    if(ch >= 0x00 && ch <= 0x1f )
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x7f)
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+int isgraph (int ch){
+    if(isdigit(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(isupper(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(islower(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(ispunct(ch))
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int isspace(int ch){
+    if (ch == 0x20)
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x0c)
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x0a)
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x0d)
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x09)
+        return 1;
+    if(ch == 0x0b)
+        return 1;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int isblank (int ch){
+    if( ch == 0x20 || ch == 0x09)
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int ispunct(int ch){
+    if(ch >= '!' && ch <= '~')
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int isprint (int ch){
+    if (isdigit(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(isupper(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(islower(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(ispunct(ch))
+        return 1;
+    if(isspace(ch))
+        return 1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+
+int tolower(int ch){
+
+    if(islower(ch)) return ch;
+    int diff = 'a' - 'A';
+    return ch + diff;
+}
+
+int toupper(int ch){
+    if(isupper(ch)) return ch;
+    int diff = 'a' - 'A';
+    return ch - diff;
+}
+
+
+
+int isalnum (int ch){
+    if(isdigit(ch)){
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+   if(isalpha(ch)){
+       return 1;
+   }
+
+    return 0;
+
+}

CoreLib/ctype.h

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 25/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+//NOTE: Uses default locale
+int isupper (int ch);
+int islower (int ch);
+int isalpha (int ch);
+int isdigit (int ch);
+int isxdigit (int ch);
+int iscntrl (int ch);
+int isgraph(int ch);
+int isspace(int ch);
+int isblank(int ch);
+int ispunct(int ch);
+int isprint(int ch);
+int isalnum (int ch);
+int tolower(int ch);
+int toupper(int ch);
+

Makefile

@@ -1,137 +0,0 @@
-
-EMULATOR = qemu-system-i386
-AS = ${HOME}/opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-as
-CC = ${HOME}/opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-gcc
-CPP = ${HOME}/opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-g++ 
-CFLAGS =  -ffreestanding -Og -ggdb  -Wall -Wextra
-
-OFILES =$(BUILD_DIR)/boot.o $(BUILD_DIR)/kterm.o $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.o $(BUILD_DIR)/memory.o  $(BUILD_DIR)/paging.o	$(BUILD_DIR)/pit.o 	$(BUILD_DIR)/time.o	$(BUILD_DIR)/keyboard.o	 $(BUILD_DIR)/io.o 	$(BUILD_DIR)/gdtc.o $(BUILD_DIR)/idt.o $(BUILD_DIR)/pic.o $(BUILD_DIR)/sv-terminal.o $(BUILD_DIR)/string.o  $(BUILD_DIR)/prekernel.o $(BUILD_DIR)/cpu.o $(BUILD_DIR)/KHeap.o $(BUILD_DIR)/pci.o $(BUILD_DIR)/pcidevice.o $(BUILD_DIR)/atapiDevice.o $(BUILD_DIR)/ataDevice.o $(BUILD_DIR)/rsdp.o 
-
-SRC_DIR = source
-BUILD_DIR = build
-
-CRTBEGIN_OBJ = $(shell $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -print-file-name=crtbegin.o)
-CRTEND_OBJ = $(shell $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -print-file-name=crtend.o)
-
-CRTI_OBJ = $(BUILD_DIR)/crti.o
-CRTN_OBJ = $(BUILD_DIR)/crtn.o
-OBJ_LINK_LIST = $(CRTI_OBJ) $(CRTBEGIN_OBJ) $(OFILES) $(CRTEND_OBJ) $(CRTN_OBJ)  
-INTERNAL_OBJS = $(CRTI_OBJ) $(OFILES) $(CRTN_OBJ)
-
-
-all: clean build 
-
-build: build_kernel iso
-
-clean_iso: 
-	if [[ -a isodir/boot ]] ; then rm root/boot -rd ; fi
-	if [ -f build/barinkOS.iso ] ; then rm build/barinkOS.iso ; fi
-	
-iso: clean_iso clean build
-	mkdir -p root/boot/grub
-	cp build/myos.bin root/boot/myos.bin
-	cp source/grub.cfg root/boot/grub/grub.cfg
-	grub-mkrescue -o build/barinkOS.iso root
-run: all
-	virtualboxvm --startvm "BarinkOS_test"
-debug: all
-	objcopy --only-keep-debug build/myos.bin kernel.sym
-	$(EMULATOR) -cdrom build/barinkOS.iso -serial stdio -vga std -display gtk -m 2G -cpu core2duo -s -d int
-test:
-	$(EMULATOR)  -kernel $(BUILD_DIR)/myos.bin -serial stdio -vga std -display gtk -m 2G -cpu core2duo 
-
-test_iso: 
-	$(EMULATOR)  -boot d -cdrom $(BUILD_DIR)/barinkOS.iso -serial stdio -vga std -display gtk -m 2G -cpu core2duo 
-test_disk:
-	$(EMULATOR) -boot d -drive format=raw,file=build/disk.img -serial stdio -vga std -display gtk -m 2G -cpu core2duo 
-
-
-build_kernel: $(OBJ_LINK_LIST)
-	$(CC) -T $(SRC_DIR)/kernel//linker.ld -o $(BUILD_DIR)/myos.bin \
-	 -ffreestanding -ggdb -Og -nostdlib $(OBJ_LINK_LIST) -lgcc
-
-build_x86_64: 
-	$(AS) $(SRC_DIR)/cgc/x86_64/crti.s -o $(BUILD_DIR)/crti_64.o
-	$(AS) $(SRC_DIR)/cgc/x86_64/crtn.s -o $(BUILD_DIR)/crtn.o
-
-clean: 
-	rm -f $(BUILD_DIR)/myos.bin $(INTERNAL_OBJS)
-
-# C++ definition -> Object files
-$(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/kernel.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/kernel.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/kterm.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/terminal/kterm.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/kterm.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/io.o:
-		$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/io/io.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/io.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/idt.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/interrupts/idt/idt.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/idt.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/gdtc.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/memory/gdt/gdtc.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/gdtc.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/pic.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/pic/pic.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/pic.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/string.o:
-	$(CC) -c $(SRC_DIR)/lib/include/string.c  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/string.o $(CFLAGS) -std=gnu99
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/PhysicalMemoryManager.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/PhysicalMemoryManager.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/pci.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/pci/pci.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/pci.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/pcidevice.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/pci/pciDevice.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/pcidevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/atapiDevice.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/atapi/atapiDevice.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/atapiDevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/ataDevice.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/ata/ataDevice.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/ataDevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/rsdp.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/acpi/rsdp.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/rsdp.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/pit.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/pit/pit.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/pit.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/keyboard.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/drivers/ps-2/keyboard.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/keyboard.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/time.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/time.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/time.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/sv-terminal.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/supervisorterminal/superVisorTerminal.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/sv-terminal.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/memory.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.cpp  -o $(BUILD_DIR)/memory.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/paging.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/memory/VirtualMemoryManager.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/paging.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/KHeap.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/memory/KernelHeap.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/KHeap.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/prekernel.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/prekernel/prekernel.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/prekernel.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/cpu.o:
-	$(CPP) -c $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/cpu.cpp -o $(BUILD_DIR)/cpu.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
-
-
-# Assembly -> Object files
-$(BUILD_DIR)/boot.o:
-	$(AS) $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/boot/boot.s -o $(BUILD_DIR)/boot.o
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/crti.o:
-	$(AS) $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/crti.s -o $(BUILD_DIR)/crti.o
-
-$(BUILD_DIR)/crtn.o:
-	$(AS) $(SRC_DIR)/kernel/crtn.s -o $(BUILD_DIR)/crtn.o

README.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Enumerating the PCI bus
 Correctly identified our ATAPI device 🎉
 
 ![Reading Files from FAT-16](screenshots/ReadingFilesFromFAT16.png) \
-Reading a file from a FAT-16 Formatted drive 
+Reading a FILE from a FAT-16 Formatted drive 
 
 ________________________
 

features.md

@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 # TODO list 
 ## Basics
-<input type="checkbox" checked/> Setup Cross-Compiler \
-<input type="checkbox" checked/> Multiboot to kernel \
-<input type="checkbox" checked/> Printing string to the screen \
+
+<label>
+<input type="checkbox"  checked/>
+</label> Setup Cross-Compiler
+<input type="checkbox" checked> Multiboot to kernel  \
+<input type="checkbox" checked/> Printing string to the screen  \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Printing values/numbers to the screen \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Basic Terminal \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Extend Multiboot implementation \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Output to serial port \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Move to protected mode \
-<input type="checkbox" checked/> Enabel CMOS clock \
+<input type="checkbox" checked/> Enable CMOS clock \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Time measurement (PIC &| PIT) \
 <input type="checkbox" /> Detect CPU speed \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Interrupt / exception system (API) \
@@ -22,17 +25,13 @@
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Virtual memory management \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> The heap: allocating memory at runtime (malloc and free) is almost impossible to go without. \
 <input type="checkbox" /> Enable SIMD Extensions (SSE)
-
-## Other features I am thinking of:
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> PCI support \
-<input type="checkbox" /> ATA PIO Mode support \
+<input type="checkbox" checked/> ATA PIO Mode support \
 <input type="checkbox" /> USTAR Filesystem ( For its simplicity this is very likely the first filesystem the OS is going to support) \
 <input type="checkbox" /> ACPI support ( Or some other basic way to support shutdown, reboot and possibly hibernation ) \
 <input type="checkbox" /> ATAPI support \
-<input type="checkbox" /> Keyboard support ( P/S2 Keyboard) \
 <input type="checkbox" checked/> Memory Management (MMU)   
 <input type="checkbox" /> Hardware Management system
-
 <input type="checkbox" /> Preemptive multi tasking \
 <input type="checkbox" /> Processes  \
 <input type="checkbox" /> Threads  
@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
 <input type="checkbox" /> ACPI support  \
 <input type="checkbox" /> ATAPI support \
 
-## Optional 
 <input type="checkbox" /> Basic Window server/client \
 <input type="checkbox" /> EXT2 Filesystem 
 <input type="checkbox" /> USTAR Filesystem \
+<input type="checkbox" /> FAT16 Filesystem \

kernel/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+AS = /opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-as
+CC = /opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-gcc
+CPP = /opt/cross/bin/i686-elf-g++
+CFLAGS =  -ffreestanding -Og -ggdb  -Wall -Wextra  -I ../build/CoreLib/include
+BUILD_DIR = ../build/kernel
+OBJ_DIR = ../bin/kernel
+
+CRTBEGIN_OBJ = $(shell $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -print-file-name=crtbegin.o)
+CRTEND_OBJ = $(shell $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -print-file-name=crtend.o)
+
+CRTI_OBJ = $(OBJ_DIR)/crti.o
+CRTN_OBJ = $(OBJ_DIR)/crtn.o
+
+OFILES = $(OBJ_DIR)/boot.o	\
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/kterm.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/memory.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/paging.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/VFS.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/pit.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/time.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/keyboard.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/io.o \
+ 		 $(OBJ_DIR)/processor.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/gdtc.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/idt.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/pic.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/sv-terminal.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/prekernel.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/KHeap.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/pci.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/pcidevice.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/atapiDevice.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/ataDevice.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/rsdp.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/acpi.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/fat.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/serial.o \
+		 $(OBJ_DIR)/klog.o
+
+OBJ_LINK_LIST = $(CRTI_OBJ) $(CRTBEGIN_OBJ) $(OFILES) $(CRTEND_OBJ) $(CRTN_OBJ)  
+INTERNAL_OBJS = $(CRTI_OBJ) $(OFILES) $(CRTN_OBJ)
+
+all: clean build
+
+clean:
+	rm $(OBJ_DIR)/* -r
+
+
+build: $(OBJ_LINK_LIST)
+	$(CPP) -T linker.ld -o $(BUILD_DIR)/myos.bin -ffreestanding -ggdb -Og -nostdlib $(OBJ_LINK_LIST) -lgcc -L ../build/CoreLib -lCoreLib
+
+# C++ definition -> Object files
+$(OBJ_DIR)/kernel.o: kernel.cpp
+	$(CPP) -c kernel.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/kernel.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/kterm.o:
+	$(CPP) -c terminal/kterm.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/kterm.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/io.o:
+	$(CPP) -c io/io.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/io.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/idt.o:
+	$(CPP) -c interrupts/idt.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/idt.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/gdtc.o:
+	$(CPP) -c memory/gdt/gdtc.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/gdtc.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/pic.o:
+	$(CPP) -c drivers/pic/pic.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/pic.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/PhysicalMemoryManager.o:
+	$(CPP) -c memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/PhysicalMemoryManager.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/pci.o:
+	$(CPP) -c pci/pci.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/pci.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/pcidevice.o:
+	$(CPP) -c pci/pciDevice.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/pcidevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/atapiDevice.o:
+	$(CPP) -c storage/atapi/atapiDevice.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/atapiDevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/ataDevice.o:
+	$(CPP) -c "storage/ata pio/ATAPIO.cpp"  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/ataDevice.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/rsdp.o:
+	$(CPP) -c acpi/rsdp.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/rsdp.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/acpi.o:
+	$(CPP) -c acpi/acpi.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/acpi.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/pit.o:
+	$(CPP) -c drivers/pit/pit.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/pit.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/VFS.o:
+	$(CPP) -c storage/vfs/vfs.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/VFS.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/keyboard.o:
+	$(CPP) -c drivers/ps-2/keyboard.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/keyboard.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/time.o:
+	$(CPP) -c time.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/time.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/sv-terminal.o:
+	$(CPP) -c supervisorterminal/superVisorTerminal.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/sv-terminal.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/memory.o:
+	$(CPP) -c memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.cpp  -o $(OBJ_DIR)/memory.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/paging.o:
+	$(CPP) -c memory/VirtualMemoryManager.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/paging.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/KHeap.o:
+	$(CPP) -c memory/KernelHeap.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/KHeap.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/prekernel.o:
+	$(CPP) -c prekernel/prekernel.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/prekernel.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/processor.o:
+	$(CPP) -c i386/processor.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/processor.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/fat.o:
+	$(CPP) -c storage/filesystems/FAT/FAT.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/fat.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/serial.o:
+	$(CPP) -c drivers/serial/serial.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/serial.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/klog.o:
+	$(CPP) -c klog.cpp -o $(OBJ_DIR)/klog.o $(CFLAGS) -fno-exceptions -fno-rtti
+
+# Assembly -> Object files
+$(OBJ_DIR)/boot.o:
+	$(AS) boot/boot.s -o $(OBJ_DIR)/boot.o
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/crti.o:
+	$(AS) crti.s -o $(OBJ_DIR)/crti.o
+
+$(OBJ_DIR)/crtn.o:
+	$(AS) crtn.s -o $(OBJ_DIR)/crtn.o

kernel/acpi/acpi.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#include "acpi.h"
+#include "../../CoreLib/Memory.h"
+#include "../memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+
+RSDPDescriptor* ACPI::rsd_ptr;
+RSCPDescriptor20* ACPI::rsd2_ptr;
+RSDT* ACPI::rsd_table;
+
+const int KERNEL_OFFSET = 0xC0000000;
+
+void ACPI::initialize(){
+    // Find the Root System Description Pointer
+    ACPI::rsd_ptr = FindRSD();
+    printf("RSD address: 0x%x\n", ACPI::rsd_ptr);
+    printRSD(rsd_ptr);
+
+
+    if( rsd_ptr->Revision == 0 ){
+        // Using version 1.0 of the ACPI specification
+        int sum = rsd_ptr->Checksum;
+        for (int i =0; i < sizeof(RSDPDescriptor) ; i++) {
+            sum += ((char*)rsd_ptr)[i];
+        }
+
+        printf(" 0x%x sum\n", sum);
+        if(sum & 0xfff0)
+            printf("valid rsd!\n");
+        else
+            printf("invalid rsd\n");
+
+        printf("rsdp: 0x%x\n", rsd_ptr);
+
+        printf("0x%x address\n", (rsd_ptr->RsdtAddress));
+        Immediate_Map(rsd_ptr->RsdtAddress + KERNEL_OFFSET, rsd_ptr->RsdtAddress);
+
+        RSDT* rootSystemDescriptionTable = (RSDT*)(rsd_ptr->RsdtAddress + KERNEL_OFFSET);
+        //printf("0x%x Root System Descriptor address\n", rootSystemDescriptionTable);
+        // checksum it, but we'll ignore it for now
+        printf("signature ");
+        for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+            kterm_put( rootSystemDescriptionTable->h.Signature[i]);
+        }
+        kterm_put('\n');
+
+
+        int entries = (rootSystemDescriptionTable->h.Length - sizeof (rootSystemDescriptionTable->h)) /4;
+        printf("%d num entries\n", entries);
+        for( int i = 0; i < entries; i++){
+            ACPISDTHeader* h = (ACPISDTHeader*) rootSystemDescriptionTable->PointerToSDT + i ;
+            if(strncmp(h->Signature, "FACP", 4)){
+                printf("Found FACP Entry!\n");
+            }
+        }
+
+
+    } else{
+        // parse it as of version2.0
+        printf("rsd2_ptr\n");
+        ACPI::rsd2_ptr = (RSCPDescriptor20*)rsd_ptr;
+    }
+
+
+
+/*
+    auto tableHeader = &rootSystemDescriptionTable->h;
+
+    // do checksum
+    sum = 0;
+
+    for(int i = 0; i < tableHeader->Length; i ++) {
+        sum += ((char*) tableHeader)[i];
+    }
+
+    if( sum != 0)
+        printf("Table invalid!");*/
+}

kernel/acpi/acpi.h

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#pragma once 
+#include "rsdp.h"
+class ACPI {
+    public:
+        static void initialize();
+        
+        // In the future ACPI might start
+        // doing more systems initialization
+
+    static RSDPDescriptor* rsd_ptr;
+    static RSCPDescriptor20* rsd2_ptr;
+    static RSDT* rsd_table;
+    private:
+};

kernel/acpi/rsdp.cpp

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 #include "rsdp.h"
+#include "../memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+#include "../../CoreLib/Memory.h"
 
-void printRSD(RSDPTR* rsd){
+
+void printRSD(RSDPDescriptor* rsd){
     printf("Signature: ");
     for(int i = 0; i < 8; i++){
         kterm_put(rsd->signature[i]);
@@ -14,33 +17,28 @@ void printRSD(RSDPTR* rsd){
     kterm_put('\n');
 
     printf("Revision: %d\n", rsd->Revision);
-    printf("RSDT Address: 0x%x\n", rsd->RsdtAddress );
 }
 
-RSDPTR* FindRSD(){
+RSDPDescriptor* FindRSD(){
     char* memory_byte = (char*) 0x000f2e14;
     const void* string = "RSD PTR ";
 
+
     for( ; (uint32_t) memory_byte < 0x0100000; memory_byte+=10){
         if( memcmp(memory_byte , string , 8 ) ==  0 ) {
         printf("RSD PTR found at 0x%x !\n", memory_byte);
+        return (RSDPDescriptor*) memory_byte;
         break;
         }
     }
 
-    printRSD((RSDPTR*) memory_byte);
-    return (RSDPTR*) memory_byte;
-}
-
-
-RSDT* getRSDT(RSDPTR* rsd){
-
-        RSDT* rsdt = (RSDT*) rsd->RsdtAddress;
-
-        printf("OEMID: ");
-        for(int i = 0; i < 6; i++){
-            kterm_put(rsdt->header.OEMID[i]);
+    memory_byte = (char*) 0x000E0000;
+    for ( ;(uint32_t) memory_byte < 0x000FFFFF; memory_byte += 1)
+    {
+        if( memcmp(memory_byte , string , 8 ) ==  0 ) {
+            printf("RSD PTR found at 0x%x !\n", memory_byte);
+            return (RSDPDescriptor*) memory_byte;
+            break;
         }
-        kterm_put('\n');
-        return rsdt;
-}
+    }
+}

kernel/acpi/rsdp.h

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "../terminal/kterm.h"
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
+
+
+struct ACPISDTHeader{
+    char Signature[4];
+    uint32_t Length;
+    uint8_t Revision;
+    uint8_t CheckSum;
+    char OEMID[6];
+    char OEMTableID[8];
+    uint32_t OEMRevision;
+    uint32_t CreatorID;
+    uint32_t CreatorRevision;
+};
+
+struct RSDT{
+    struct ACPISDTHeader h;
+    uint32_t *PointerToSDT; // Length of array : (header.Length - sizeof(header))/ 4
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+
+struct RSDPDescriptor {
+    char signature[8];
+    uint8_t Checksum ;
+    char OEMID [6];
+    uint8_t Revision;
+    uint32_t RsdtAddress;
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+struct RSCPDescriptor20{
+   RSDPDescriptor base;
+   uint32_t Length;
+   uint64_t XsdtAddress;
+   uint8_t ExtendedChecksum;
+   uint8_t reserved[3];
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+RSDPDescriptor* FindRSD();
+
+void printRSD(RSDPDescriptor* rsd);
+
+RSDT* getRSDT(RSDPDescriptor* rsd);

kernel/boot/boot.s

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-.include "./source/kernel/boot/multiboot.s"
+.include "./boot/multiboot.s"
 /*
 *	Allocate initial stack
 */
 .section .bootstrap_stack, "aw", @nobits
 stack_bottom:
 .skip 16384 # 16 KiB
+.globl stack_top
 stack_top:
 
 /*
@@ -75,16 +76,7 @@ _start:
 4:
 	# At this point, paging is fully set up and enabled
 isPaging:
-	/* push the pointer to the Multiboot information structure*/
-	pushl %ebx
 
-	/* push the magic value */
-	pushl %eax
-	call prekernelSetup
-
-	# Unmap the identity mapping as it is now unnecessary  
-	movl $0, boot_page_directory + 0
-	
 	# Reload cr3 to force tlb flush 
 	movl %cr3, %ecx
 	movl %ecx, %cr3
@@ -97,17 +89,42 @@ isPaging:
 	pushl $0 
 	popf 
 
+	
+	/* push the pointer to the Multiboot information structure*/
+	pushl %ebx
 
-	call early_main
+	/* push the magic value */
+	pushl %eax
+	call prekernelSetup
+
+	# Unmap the identity mapping as it is now unnecessary  
+	# movl $0, boot_page_directory + 0
+
+
+	call kernel
 
 	cli
 1:	hlt
 	jmp 1b
 
 
-.include "./source/kernel/memory/gdt/gdt.s"
-.include "./source/kernel/irs_table.s"
-.include "./source/kernel/irq_table.s"
-.include "./source/kernel/interrupts/idt/idt.s"
+.include "./memory/gdt/gdt.s"
+.include "./irs_table.s"
+.include "./irq_table.s"
+.include "./interrupts/idt.s"
 
+.globl jump_usermode
+jump_usermode:
+    mov $((4*8) | 3) , %ax
+    mov %ax, %ds
+    mov %ax, %es
+    mov %ax, %fs
+    mov %ax, %gs
 
+    mov %esp, %eax
+    push $( (3*8) | 3)
+    push %eax
+    pushf
+    push $( ( 3 * 8) | 3)
+    push startSuperVisorTerminal
+    iret

kernel/definitions.h

@@ -4,6 +4,6 @@
  */
 
 #define __DEBUG__ false
-#define KERNEL_VERSION 0
+#define KERNEL_VERSION 0.03
 
 #define ARCHITECTURE "I386"

kernel/devices/BlockDevice.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 21/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+class BlockDevice {
+    virtual char* Read()=0;
+    virtual void Write() =0;
+};
+
+

kernel/devices/CharacterDevice.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 21/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+class CharacterDevice {
+    virtual char Read()=0;
+    virtual void Write()=0;
+};
+
+

kernel/drivers/pic/pic.h

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-#pragma once 
-#include "../io/io.h"
+#pragma once
+
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
+#include "../../io/io.h"
 
 #define PIC1		0x20		/* IO base address for master PIC */
 #define PIC2		0xA0		/* IO base address for slave PIC */

kernel/drivers/pit/pit.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include "../io/io.h"
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
+#include "../../io/io.h"
 #define PIT_DATA_0 0x40
 #define PIT_DATA_1 0x41
 #define PIT_DATA_2 0x42

kernel/drivers/serial/serial.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include "serial.h"
+#include "../../io/io.h"
+
+// Initializes communication according to the spec given
+Serial::Serial(SerialConfig config) {
+    port = config.port;
+    // Disable interrupts
+    outb(config.port + 1, 0x00);
+
+    // Enable DLAB
+    outb(config.port + 3, 0x80);
+
+    // set the baudrate
+    outb(config.port + 0, 0x03);
+    outb(config.port + 1, 0x00);
+
+    // configure for 8bits, no parity, one stop bit
+    outb(config.port + 3, 0x03);
+
+    // Enable FIFO, clear them, with 14-byte threshhold
+    outb(config.port + 2, 0xC7);
+    // Enable IRQ's, RTS/DSR set
+    outb(config.port + 4, 0x0B );
+    // Set in loopback mode, test the serial chip.
+    outb(config.port + 4, 0x1E);
+
+    // TEST
+    outb(config.port + 0 , 0xAE);
+
+    if(inb(config.port + 0) != 0xAE)
+        return ; // FAIL
+
+    outb(config.port + 4, 0x0F);
+    return ;
+}
+
+void Serial::write(void* data, int len) {
+    while (is_transmit_empty() == 0); // Wait for transmit queue to be free
+    for (int i = 0; i < len ; i++){
+        outb(port, ((uint8_t*)data)[i]);
+    }
+}
+
+char Serial::read() {
+    return inb(port);
+}
+
+int Serial::is_transmit_empty() {
+    return inb(port + 5) & 0x20;
+}
+
+

kernel/drivers/serial/serial.h

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#pragma once
+// For now these are the standard
+// serial ports we can talk to
+enum SERIALPORT {
+    COM1 = 0x3F8,
+    COM2 = 0x2F8,
+    COM3 = 0x3E8,
+    COM4 = 0x2E8
+};
+
+struct SerialConfig {
+    SERIALPORT port;
+    char baud_rate_lo ;
+    char baud_rate_hi;
+};
+
+
+class Serial   {
+
+    public: 
+        Serial (SerialConfig config );
+
+        char read();
+        void write(void* data, int length);
+
+    private:
+        SERIALPORT port;
+        int is_transmit_empty();
+};

kernel/i386/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# architecture specific implementations 
+## This will contain I386 Architecture specific implementations

kernel/i386/processor.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 17/02/23.
+//
+
+#include "processor.h"
+
+
+uint32_t processor::cap_page;
+uint32_t processor::cap_page1;
+uint32_t processor::cap_page7 ;
+
+void processor::initialize()
+{
+
+    asm volatile ("movl $0x80000001, %%eax;"
+                  "CPUID;"
+                  "movl %%edx, %0"
+                  :: "m"(cap_page));
+
+    asm volatile ("movl $0x01, %%eax; "
+                  "CPUID;"
+                  "movl %%edx, %0"
+                  :: "m"(cap_page1));
+
+    asm volatile ("movl $0x07, %%eax;"
+                  "movl $0x0, %%ecx;"
+                  "CPUID;"
+                  "movl %%edx, %0"
+                  :: "m"(cap_page7));
+
+}
+
+bool processor::hasAMXExtension()
+{
+    return (cap_page7 & AMX_TYPE::AMX_BF16) || (cap_page7 & AMX_TYPE::AMX_TILE) || (cap_page7 & AMX_TYPE::AMX_INT8);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * PSE: page-size extensions for 32-bit paging.
+ * If CPUID.01H:EDX.PSE [bit 3] = 1, CR4.PSE may be set to 1, enabling support for 4-MByte pages with 32-bit paging
+ */
+bool processor::has32bitPagingSupport() {
+    // is the PSE bit set
+    return cap_page1 & (0x1 << 3);
+}
+
+/*
+ * PAE: physical-address extension.
+ * If CPUID.01H:EDX.PAE [bit 6] = 1, CR4.PAE may be set to 1, enabling PAE paging (this setting is also required
+ * for 4-level paging and 5-level paging).
+ */
+bool processor::hasPAEExtension(){
+    return cap_page1 & (0x1 << 6);
+}
+
+/*
+ * PGE: global-page support.
+ * If CPUID.01H:EDX.PGE [bit 13] = 1, CR4.PGE may be set to 1, enabling the global-page feature (see Section
+ * 4.10.2.4).
+ */
+bool processor::hasPageSupport(){
+    return cap_page1 & (0x1 << 13);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Page1GB: 1-GByte pages.
+ * If CPUID.80000001H:EDX.Page1GB [bit 26] = 1, 1-GByte pages may be supported with 4-level paging and 5-
+ * level paging (see Section 4.5).
+ */
+bool processor::gigabytePages() {
+    return cap_page & (0x1 << 26);
+}
+
+void processor::enable_protectedMode()
+{
+    // Set the protected bit of control register 0
+    // this will put the CPU into protected mode
+    // NOTE: This should really be an assembly procedure
+    // We cant directly write to control register 0
+    // therefor we copy the value of control register 0 into eax
+    // once we are done manipulating the value we write the value in
+    // eax back to control register 0
+
+    asm volatile("mov %cr0, %eax ");
+    asm volatile("or $1, %eax");
+    asm volatile("mov %eax, %cr0");
+}
+
+
+
+uint32_t processor::GetEFLAGS()
+{
+    uint32_t EFLAGS = 0;
+    asm volatile ("pushfl;" "movl 4(%%esp), %%edx" : "=d"(EFLAGS));
+    return EFLAGS;
+}
+
+
+uint32_t processor::GetCR0()
+{
+    uint32_t cr0_value;
+    asm volatile ("movl %%cr0, %%edx" : "=d"(cr0_value));
+    return cr0_value;
+
+}
+
+
+uint32_t processor::GetCR2(){
+    uint32_t cr2_value;
+    __asm__ volatile("movl %%cr2, %%edx": "=d"(cr2_value));
+    return cr2_value;
+}
+
+
+uint32_t processor::GetCR3(){
+    uint32_t cr3_value;
+    __asm__ volatile("movl %%cr3, %%edx": "=d"(cr3_value));
+    return cr3_value;
+}
+
+
+uint32_t processor::GetCR4(){
+    uint32_t cr4_value;
+    __asm__ volatile("movl %%cr4, %%edx": "=d"(cr4_value));
+    return cr4_value;
+}

kernel/i386/processor.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 17/02/23.
+//
+#pragma  once
+#include "../terminal/kterm.h"
+class processor {
+public:
+    static void initialize();
+
+    // Based on information from https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/x86/amx#Detection
+    enum  AMX_TYPE{
+        AMX_BF16 = (0x1 << 22),
+        AMX_TILE = (0x1 << 24),
+        AMX_INT8 = (0x1 << 25)
+    };
+    static bool hasAMXExtension();
+    static bool has32bitPagingSupport();
+    static bool hasPageSupport();
+    static bool gigabytePages();
+
+    static bool hasPAEExtension();
+    static void enable_protectedMode();
+
+    static uint32_t GetEFLAGS();
+    static uint32_t GetCR0();
+    static uint32_t GetCR2();
+    static uint32_t GetCR3();
+    static uint32_t GetCR4();
+
+private:
+    static uint32_t cap_page;
+    static uint32_t cap_page1;
+    static uint32_t cap_page7;
+
+
+};

kernel/interrupts/idt.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 #include "idt.h"
-#include "../../drivers/pit/pit.h"
-#include "../../drivers/ps-2/keyboard.h"
-#include "../../cpu.h"
-#include "../../drivers/ps-2/keyboard.h"
+#include "../drivers/pit/pit.h"
+#include "../drivers/ps-2/keyboard.h"
+#include "../i386/processor.h"
+#include "../memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+#include "../syscalls.h"
+
 
 IDT_entry idt_table[256];
 IDT_ptr idt_ptr;
@@ -17,25 +19,25 @@ void set_id_entry (uint8_t num , uint32_t base, uint16_t sel,  uint8_t flags){
 
 };
 
-void irs_handler (registers regs) {
+void irs_handler (registers* regs) {
      uint32_t FaultingAddress;
-        //printf("(IRS) Interrupt number: %d \r", regs.int_no);
-        switch (regs.int_no)
+        printf("(IRS) Interrupt number: %d \n EAX: ", regs->int_no, regs->eax);
+        switch (regs->int_no)
         {
         case 0:
             // Divide Error #DE
             printf("#DE\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 1:
             // Debug Exception #DB
             printf("#DB\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
 
         case 2:
@@ -46,49 +48,50 @@ void irs_handler (registers regs) {
         case 3:
             // Breakpoint Exception #BP
             printf("#BP\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 4:
             // Overflow Exception #OF
             printf("#OF\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 5:
             // BOUND Range Exceeded Exception #BR
             printf("#BR\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 6:
             // Invalid OpCode Exception #UD 
             printf("#UD\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 7:
             // Device Not Available Exception  #NM
             printf("#NM\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 8:
             // Double Fault Exception #DF
             printf("#DF\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
+            while(true);
         break;
 
         case 9:
@@ -99,64 +102,74 @@ void irs_handler (registers regs) {
         case 10:
             // Invalid TSS Exception #TS
             printf("#TS\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
+            __asm__("cli;" "1: hlt;" "jmp 1b;");
         break;
 
         case 11:
             // Segment Not Present #NP
             printf("#NP\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 12:
             // Stack Fault Exception #SS
             printf("#SS\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
-        case 13:
+        case 13:{
             // General Protection Exception #GP
             printf("#GP\n");
 
-            printf("Accessing memory caused a general protectuion exception.\n");
-            
-            printf("Fault due to entry at index: %d", (regs.err_code >> 3 & 0xFFF ) );
+            printf("Accessing memory caused a general protection exception.\n");
+            printf("Faulting instruction at addres: 0x%x\n", regs->eip );
+            printf("Error code: 0x%x\n", regs->err_code);
 
-            if(regs.err_code & 0x3 >> 1 == 0   ){
-                printf("* Index references GDT");
-            }
-            if(regs.err_code & 0x3 >> 1 == 1  ){
-                printf("* Index references IDT");
-            }
+            if (regs->err_code != 0){
+                printf("Fault due to entry at index: 0x%x (%d)\n", (regs->err_code >> 3 & 0xFFF ) , regs->err_code);
 
-            if(regs.err_code & 0x3 >> 1 == 2   ){
-                printf("* Index references LDT");
-            }
 
-            if(regs.err_code & 0x3 >> 1 == 4  ){
-                printf("* Index references IDT");
-            }
+                uint8_t table = regs->err_code >> 1 & 0x3 ;
+                
+                if(table == 0   ){
+                    printf("* Index references GDT\n");
+                }
+                if(table == 1  ){
+                    printf("* Index references IDT\n");
+                }
 
-            if( regs.err_code & 0x1)
-            {
-                printf("* Originated externally!");
+                if(table  == 2   ){
+                    printf("* Index references LDT\n");
+                }
+
+                if(table  == 3 ){
+                    printf("* Index references IDT\n");
+                }
+
+                if( regs->err_code & 0x1)
+                {
+                    printf("* Originated externally!\n");
+                }
             }
 
             __asm__("cli;" "1: hlt;" "jmp 1b;");
 
+        }
         break;
         
         case 14:
             // Page Fault Exception #PF
             printf("#PF\n");
-
-            FaultingAddress = GetCR2();
+            #define ALIGN(addr, align) (((addr) & ~((align) - 1)) + (align))
+            FaultingAddress = processor::GetCR2();
+            
             printf("Accessing the linear address 0x%x resulted in a page fault!\n\n", FaultingAddress);
         
             // Error code of 32 bits are on the stack
@@ -174,97 +187,114 @@ void irs_handler (registers regs) {
             printf("REASON: \n\n");
 
          
-            if (regs.err_code & PF_ERR_PRESENT_BIT ){
+            if (regs->err_code & PF_ERR_PRESENT_BIT ){
                 printf("* Page protection violation!\n");
             } else{
                 printf("* Page not-present!\n");
+                //Immediate_Map(FaultingAddress, FaultingAddress);
+             
             }
 
-            if(regs.err_code & PF_ERR_WRITE_BIT){
+            if(regs->err_code & PF_ERR_WRITE_BIT){
                 printf("* Write access violation!\n");
             } else{
                 printf("* Read access violation!\n");
             }
 
-            if(regs.err_code & PF_ERR_USER_BIT){
+            if(regs->err_code & PF_ERR_USER_BIT){
                 printf("* Violation from user-space (CPL=3)\n");
             }
 
-            if(regs.err_code & PF_ERR_INSTRUCTION_FETCH_BIT){
+            if(regs->err_code & PF_ERR_INSTRUCTION_FETCH_BIT){
                 printf("* Caused by an instruction fetch. \n");
             }
 
-            /*
-                Check the error code to figure out what happened here
-            */
+
             __asm__("cli;" "1: hlt;" "jmp 1b;");
 
-
-            
-    
         break;
         
         case 16:
             // x87 FPU Floating-point Error #MF
             printf("#MF\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp);
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp);
         break;
         
         case 17:
             // Alignment Check Exception #AC
             printf("#AC\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp); 
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp); 
         break;
         
         case 18:
             // Machine-Check Exception #MC
             printf("#MC\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp); 
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp); 
         break;
         
         case 19:
             // SIMD Floating-point Exception #XM
             printf("#XM\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp); 
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp); 
         break;
         
         case 20:
              // Virtualization Exception #VE
             printf("#VE\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp); 
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp); 
         break;
         
         case 21:
              // Control Protection Exception #CP
             printf("#CP\n");
-            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs.eip);
-            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs.eax);
-            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs.ebp); 
+            printf("EIP: 0x%x\n", regs->eip);
+            printf("EAX: 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+            printf("EBP: 0x%x\n", regs->ebp); 
         break;
 
+        case 50:
+            printf("SYSTEMCALL\n");
+            printf("EAX 0x%x\n", regs->eax);
+
+                switch (regs->eax) {
+                    case 0x0:
+                        printf("test!\n");
+                        break;
+                    case 0x5:
+                        sys_open();
+                        break;
+                    case 0x10:
+                        sys_read((FILE*)regs->ebx, (char*)regs->ecx);
+                        break;
+                    case 0x20:
+                        sys_write((FILE*)regs->ebx, (const char*)regs->ecx, regs->edx);
+                        break;
+                    case 0x666:
+                        sys_version();
+                        break;
+
+                };
+        break;
         default:
             // PANIC!!!
             break;
         }
-
+        
       
         
 }
 
 void irq_handler (registers regs) {
-
-    
-
     switch (regs.int_no) {
     case 0:
             pit_tick++;
@@ -301,8 +331,8 @@ void irq_handler (registers regs) {
         break;
 
     default:
-        printf("Interrupt happened!");
-        printf("Received INT: 0x%x\n", regs.int_no);
+        //printf("Interrupt happened!");
+        //printf("Received INT: 0x%x\n", regs.int_no);
         break;
     }        
 
@@ -320,8 +350,8 @@ void irq_handler (registers regs) {
 
 }
 
-void init_idt(){
-    // Initialise the IDT pointer
+void initidt(){
+    // Initialize the IDT pointer
     idt_ptr.length = sizeof(IDT_entry) * 255;
     idt_ptr.base = (uint32_t)&idt_table;
 
@@ -364,7 +394,7 @@ void init_idt(){
     set_id_entry(30, (uint32_t) irs30 , 0x08, 0x8E);
     set_id_entry(31, (uint32_t) irs31 , 0x08, 0x8E);
 
-
+    set_id_entry(0x50, (uint32_t) irs50, 0x08, 0x8E);
     //print_serial("Remapping PIC\n");
     PIC_remap(0x20, 0x28);
 

kernel/interrupts/idt.h

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <stddef.h>
-#include "../../drivers/vga/colors.h"
-#include "../../drivers/pic/pic.h"
+#include "../drivers/vga/colors.h"
+#include "../drivers/pic/pic.h"
 
-#include "../../terminal/kterm.h"
+#include "../terminal/kterm.h"
 
 
 extern "C" {
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@ extern "C" {
 
     extern void idt_flush(uint32_t); 
     void set_id_entry (uint8_t num , uint32_t base, uint16_t sel,  uint8_t flags);
-    void init_idt();
+    void initidt();
 
     void irq_handler (registers regs);
 
-    void irs_handler (registers regs);
+    void irs_handler (registers* regs);
 
     extern void irs0 ();
     extern void irs1 ();
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ extern "C" {
     extern void irs29 ();
     extern void irs30 ();
     extern void irs31 ();
+    extern void irs50();
 
 
 

kernel/irq_table.s

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+.globl irq0
+
+.macro IRQ NAME, VECTOR
+    .globl irq\NAME
+    irq\NAME:
+        cli
+        push $0
+        push \VECTOR
+        jmp irq_common
+.endm
+
+IRQ 0 $0
+IRQ 1 $1
+IRQ 2 $2
+IRQ 3 $3
+IRQ 4 $4
+IRQ 5 $5
+IRQ 6 $6
+IRQ 7 $7
+IRQ 8 $8
+IRQ 9 $9
+IRQ 10 $10
+IRQ 11 $11
+IRQ 12 $12
+IRQ 13 $13
+IRQ 14 $14
+IRQ 15 $15
+
+
+
+irq_common:
+	pusha
+
+	mov %ds, %ax
+	push %eax
+
+	mov $0x10, %ax
+	mov %ax, %ds
+	mov %ax, %es
+	mov %ax, %fs
+	mov %ax, %gs
+
+	call irq_handler
+
+	pop %eax
+
+	mov %ax, %ds
+	mov %ax, %es
+	mov %ax, %fs
+	mov %ax, %gs
+
+	popa
+	add  $8, %esp  # cleans push error and irs code
+	sti
+	iret # pops 5 things at once: CS, EIP, EFLAGS, SS, and ESP

kernel/irs_table.s

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+.code32
+/*
+* Interupt handlers
+*/
+
+.macro ISR_NOERRORCODE NAME, VECTOR
+	.globl irs\NAME
+	irs\NAME:
+		cli 
+		push $0
+		push \VECTOR
+		jmp irs_common
+.endm
+
+.macro ISR_ERROCODE NAME, VECTOR
+	.globl irs\NAME
+	irs\NAME:
+		cli
+		push \VECTOR
+		jmp irs_common
+.endm
+
+
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 0 $0
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 1 $1
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 2 $2
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 3 $3
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 4 $4
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 5 $5
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 6 $6
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 7 $7
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 8 $8
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 9 $9
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 10 $10
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 11 $11
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 12 $12
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 13 $13
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 14 $14
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 15 $15
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 16 $16
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 17 $17
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 18 $18
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 19 $19
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 20 $20
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 21 $21
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 22 $22
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 23 $23
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 24 $24
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 25 $25
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 26 $26
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 27 $27
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 28 $28
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 29 $29
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 30 $30
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 31 $31
+ISR_NOERRORCODE 50 $50
+
+irs_common:
+	pusha 				# Pushes edi,esi,ebp,esp,ebx,edx,ecx,eax
+
+	mov %ds, %ax
+	push %eax
+
+	/* load the kernel data segment descriptor*/
+
+	mov $0x10, %ax
+	mov %ax, %ds
+	mov %ax, %es
+	mov %ax, %fs
+	mov %ax, %gs
+	
+	mov %esp, %eax
+	push %eax 
+
+	call irs_handler
+	
+	pop %eax        // pop stack pointer
+	pop %ebx		// reload ther orignal data segment descriptor
+	mov %bx, %ds
+	mov %bx, %es
+	mov %bx, %fs
+	mov %bx, %gs
+
+	popa
+	add  $8, %esp  # cleans push error and irs code
+
+	iret # pops 5 things at once: CS, EIP, EFLAGS, SS, and ESP

kernel/kernel.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+/*
+    Copyright © Nigel Barink 2023
+*/
+#include "memory/memory.h"
+#include "memory/KernelHeap.h"
+#include "memory/gdt/gdtc.h"
+#include "memory/TaskStateSegment.h"
+#include "supervisorterminal/superVisorTerminal.h"
+#include "drivers/vga/VBE.h"
+#include "pci/pci.h"
+#include "drivers/pit/pit.h"
+#include "i386/processor.h"
+#include "terminal/kterm.h"
+#include "interrupts/idt.h"
+#include "storage/vfs/vfs.h"
+#include "storage/filesystems/FAT/FAT.h"
+#include "acpi/acpi.h"
+#include "memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+#include "klog.h"
+
+
+extern BootInfoBlock* BIB;
+extern "C"  void LoadGlobalDescriptorTable();
+extern "C" void jump_usermode();
+
+void initBootDrive(){
+    printf("Boot device: 0x%x\n", BIB->bootDeviceID);
+    unsigned int part3 = BIB->bootDeviceID & 0xFF;
+    unsigned int part2 = (BIB->bootDeviceID & 0xFF00) >> 8;
+    unsigned int part1 = (BIB->bootDeviceID & 0xFF0000) >> 16;
+    unsigned int drive = (BIB->bootDeviceID & 0xFF000000) >> 24;
+    if (drive == 0x80 )
+        printf("booted from disk!\n");
+    if(drive == 0x00)
+        printf("booted from floppy disk\n");
+
+    printf("Part1: %d, Part2: %d, Part3: %d\n", part1, part2 , part3);
+    ATAPIO::Identify(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER);
+}
+
+extern "C" void kernel ()
+{
+    kterm_init();
+    setup_tss();
+    initGDT();
+    initidt();
+    LoadGlobalDescriptorTable();
+    flush_tss();
+
+
+    print_info("Memory setup complete!\n");
+    // Enable interrupts
+    asm volatile("STI");
+
+
+
+    initHeap();
+    //pit_initialise();
+
+
+    //ACPI::initialize();
+    //PCI::Scan();
+    processor::initialize();
+    processor::enable_protectedMode();
+    initBootDrive();
+    VirtualFileSystem::initialize();
+
+    print_dbg("Hello debug!\n");
+    print_info("Hello info!\n");
+    print_err("Hello error!\n");
+
+#define VFS_EXAMPLE
+#ifdef VFS_EXAMPLE
+    auto fontFile = VirtualFileSystem::open("/FONT    PSF", 0);
+    printf("Size of font file: %d bytes\n", fontFile->root->size); // COOL This Works like a charm
+
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USERMODE_RELEASE
+    // Lets jump into user mode
+    jump_usermode();
+#else
+    startSuperVisorTerminal();
+
+#endif
+
+}

kernel/kernel.h

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#define CHECK_FLAG(flags, bit) ((flags) & (1 <<(bit)))
+#define PANIC(message) {return;} 
+
+
+
+

kernel/klog.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 10/28/23.
+//
+#include "klog.h"
+#include "terminal/kterm.h"
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+
+const char* ForeGroundColourReset = "\e[39m";
+void print_dbg(const char* message, ...){
+    auto **arg = (unsigned char**)&message;
+    // Send it to the VGA
+    printf(message, arg);
+
+    // Now send the message to the serial
+    Serial com1= Serial({
+                        COM1,
+                        0x03,
+                        0x00
+                });
+
+    const char* ForeGroundColour = "\e[32m";
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColour, strlen(ForeGroundColour));
+    com1.write((void*)message, strlen(message));
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColourReset, strlen(ForeGroundColourReset));
+
+}
+
+
+void print_info(const char* message, ...){
+    auto **arg = (unsigned char**)&message;
+    // Send it to the VGA
+    printf(message, arg);
+
+    Serial com1 = Serial({
+        COM1,
+        0x03,
+        0x00
+    });
+
+    const char* ForeGroundColour = "\e[34m";
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColour, strlen(ForeGroundColour));
+    com1.write((void*)message, strlen(message));
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColourReset, strlen(ForeGroundColourReset));
+}
+void print_err(const char* message, ...){
+    auto **arg = (unsigned char**)&message;
+    // Send it to the VGA
+    printf(message, arg);
+    Serial com1 = Serial({
+                                 COM1,
+                                 0x03,
+                                 0x00
+                         });
+    const char* ForeGroundColour = "\e[31m";
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColour, strlen(ForeGroundColour));
+    com1.write((void*)message, strlen(message));
+    com1.write((void*)ForeGroundColourReset, strlen(ForeGroundColourReset));
+}

kernel/klog.h

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 10/28/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+#include "drivers/serial/serial.h"
+
+
+
+void print_dbg(const char* message, ...);
+void print_info(const char* message, ...);
+void print_err(const char* message, ...);

kernel/linker.ld

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ SECTIONS
 	.rodata ALIGN (4K) : AT (ADDR (.rodata) - 0xC0000000)
 	{
 		*(.rodata)
+		*(.symtab)
 	}
 	.data ALIGN (4K) : AT (ADDR (.data) - 0xC0000000)
 	{
@@ -36,6 +37,8 @@ SECTIONS
 		*(.bss)
 		*(.bootstrap_stack)
 	}
+
+
 	_kernel_end = .;
 	kernel_end = .; /* For legacy reasons */
 }

kernel/memory/KernelHeap.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "KernelHeap.h"
 #include "VirtualMemoryManager.h"
 extern "C" const uint32_t kernel_end;
-// Size of heap meta data is 5 bytes 
+// Size of heap metadata is 5 bytes
 struct heap_block{
     uint8_t Used;
     uint32_t Size;
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ heap_block* start ;
 
 void* malloc(size_t size)
 {
-    printf("Received request for %d bytes of memory\n", size);
+    //printf("Received request for %d bytes of memory\n", size);
     heap_block* current = start;
 
     // look for a free block
@@ -21,14 +21,14 @@ void* malloc(size_t size)
         if(current->Size >= size && current->Used == false )
         {
             // We found a spot 
-            printf("Block found!\n");
+           // printf("Block found!\n");
 
             // Set the spot to in-use 
             current->Used = true;
 
 
             // split the block 
-            printf("Split block.\n");
+            //printf("Split block.\n");
             uint32_t oldSize = current->Size;
             current->Size = size;
 
@@ -57,32 +57,30 @@ void free(void* addr)
 {
     // clear the free boolean that corresponds to this adddress
     // This should be fairly simple
-    heap_block* allocatedBlock = (heap_block*)(addr - sizeof(heap_block));
+    heap_block* allocatedBlock = (heap_block*)((uint32_t)addr - sizeof(heap_block));
     allocatedBlock->Used = false;
 }
 
 void initHeap()
 {
-    // put the start of our kernel heap 1 page after the kernel_end address
-    // Lets calculate the address 
-    printf("FIND SUITABLE HEAP_ADDRESS\n");
-    uint32_t alligned_k_end = (uint32_t) &kernel_end + ((uint32_t)&kernel_end % BLOCK_SIZE == 0 ? 4096 : 0);
-    uint32_t HEAP_ADDRESS = (uint32_t) alligned_k_end + 4096;
-    printf("HEAP_ADDRESS: 0x%x\n", HEAP_ADDRESS);
-
-    // NOTE: we can't check if the mapping has failed or not here!
-    AllocatePage(HEAP_ADDRESS);
-    start = (heap_block*) HEAP_ADDRESS;
+    void* HEAP_ADDRESS = allocate_block();
+    printf("0x%x HEAP Paddr\n", HEAP_ADDRESS);
+ 
+    Immediate_Map((uint32_t)HEAP_ADDRESS + 0xC0000000, (uint32_t)HEAP_ADDRESS );
+    start = (heap_block*) ((uint32_t)HEAP_ADDRESS + 0xC0000000);
     heap_size = 4096;
 
     printf("Clear heap\n");
     // Clear the heap 
     printf("set at 0x%x %d bytes to zero\n", start , heap_size);
+
     memset((void*)start, 0x00,  heap_size /4);
 
+
     printf("Init first heap block\n");
     // initialzie 
     start->Size = heap_size - sizeof(heap_block);
+
     start->Used = false;
 
 }

kernel/memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.h

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+
 #include "../prekernel/bootstructure.h"
 #include "../terminal/kterm.h"
-#include "../../lib/include/mem.h"
 #include "../bitmap.h"
 
 #define BLOCK_SIZE 4092 

kernel/memory/TaskStateSegment.h

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#pragma once
+#include "gdt/gdtc.h"
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+
+struct TaskStateSegment {
+    uint32_t prev_tss;
+    uint32_t esp0;
+    uint32_t ss0;
+    // everythinge else is unused 
+    uint32_t esp1;
+    uint32_t ss1;
+    uint32_t esp2;
+    uint32_t ss2;
+    uint32_t cr3;
+    uint32_t eip;
+    uint32_t eflags;
+    uint32_t eax;
+    uint32_t ecx;
+    uint32_t edx;
+    uint32_t ebx;
+    uint32_t esp;
+	uint32_t ebp;
+	uint32_t esi;
+	uint32_t edi;
+	uint32_t es;
+	uint32_t cs;
+	uint32_t ss;
+	uint32_t ds;
+	uint32_t fs;
+	uint32_t gs;
+	uint32_t ldt;
+	uint16_t trap;
+	uint16_t iomap_base;
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+
+TaskStateSegment tss0 ={};
+
+inline void flush_tss()
+{
+     asm volatile("mov $0x2B, %ax ; ltr %ax");
+}
+
+void setup_tss(){
+    // ensure the tss is zero'd
+    memset((void*)&tss0, 0, sizeof(tss0));
+    tss0.ss0 =  (uint32_t) &GlobalDescriptorTable[KERNEL_DATA_SEGMENT];
+     
+    extern uint32_t stack_top;
+    tss0.esp0 = (unsigned long)&stack_top;
+
+    // Task Segment Descriptor
+
+    uint32_t address = (unsigned long) &tss0;
+    uint32_t size = sizeof(tss0);
+    uint32_t limit = (address + size );
+
+    add_descriptor(TASK_STATE_SEGMENT, address, limit- 1, 0xE9, 0x0);
+}
+

kernel/memory/VirtualMemoryManager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+#include "VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+#include "../../CoreLib/Memory.h"
+
+#define ALIGN(addr, align) (((addr) & ~((align) - 1 )) + (align))
+
+extern uint32_t boot_page_directory[1024] ; // points to the wrong location
+
+extern uint32_t boot_page_table[1024];
+
+
+void flush_cr3(){
+    asm volatile("movl %cr3, %ecx;"
+	             "movl %ecx, %cr3");
+}
+
+
+void AllocatePage(uint32_t vaddr)
+{
+    //uint32_t page_aligned_address = ALIGN(vaddr, 4096);
+
+    // allocate a page at  virtual address
+    int PageDirectoryEntryIndex = vaddr >> 22;
+    int PageTableEntryIndex = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x1FFF;
+
+    printf("Allocation happening at PDE: %d PTE: %d\n", PageDirectoryEntryIndex, PageTableEntryIndex);
+
+    // check if the page directory entry is marked as present 
+    if (boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] & 0x1 ) 
+    {
+        printf("Directory entry is marked as present\n");
+        uint32_t* page_table = (uint32_t*)((boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex]) & 0xFFFFE000) ;
+        //page_table = (uint32_t*) ((uint32_t)page_table + 0xC0000000); // Add kernel offset
+        printf("Page table address: 0x%x\n", (uint32_t)&page_table);
+
+        // check if the page table entry is marked as present 
+        if ( page_table[PageTableEntryIndex] & 0x1 )
+        {   
+            printf("page already present!\n");
+        } else{
+            printf("Mapping a physical page.\n");
+            // Map the entry to a physical page
+            page_table[PageTableEntryIndex] = (uint32_t)allocate_block() | 0x3;
+        }
+
+    } else {
+        printf("Mapping a new page directory entry with a page table\n");
+        // mark the page table as present and allocate a physical block for it
+        boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] = (uint32_t)allocate_block() | 0x3;
+   
+    }
+
+    asm ("cli; invlpg (%0); sti" :: "r" (vaddr) : "memory" );
+
+
+}
+
+void FreePage(uint32_t vaddr )
+{
+    // uint32_t page_aligned_address = ALIGN(vaddr, 4096);
+
+    // allocate a page at  virtual address
+    int PageDirectoryEntryIndex = vaddr >> 22;
+    int PageTableEntryIndex = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x1FFF;
+
+    uint32_t* pageTable = (uint32_t*)(boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] & (0xFFFFE000 + 0xC0000000));
+
+
+    void* physicalAddressToFree = (void*)(pageTable[PageTableEntryIndex] & (0xFFFFE000 + 0xC0000000));
+    free_block(physicalAddressToFree);
+
+    pageTable[PageTableEntryIndex] = 0x0;
+
+
+}
+
+
+void Immediate_Map (  uint32_t vaddr, uint32_t paddr)
+{
+    printf("map 0x%x to 0x%x\n", paddr, vaddr);
+    // allocate a page at  virtual address
+    int PageDirectoryEntryIndex = vaddr >> 22;
+    int PageTableEntryIndex = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x1FFF;
+
+    printf("Map address at PDE 0x%x PTE  0x%x\n", PageDirectoryEntryIndex, PageTableEntryIndex);
+    printf("boot pagedirectoy address: 0x%x\n", &boot_page_directory);
+    printf("PDE : 0x%x\n", boot_page_directory[PageTableEntryIndex]);
+     if (boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] & 0x1 ) {
+        printf("Directory entry is marked as present\n");
+
+    } else {
+        printf("Mapping a new page directory entry with a page table\n");
+        // mark the page table as present and allocate a physical block for it
+
+        void* new_page_dir = allocate_block();
+         memset(new_page_dir, 0 , 1024 * sizeof (uint32_t));
+        printf("New page directory address 0x%x\n", &new_page_dir);
+        boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] = (uint32_t)new_page_dir | 0x3;
+    }
+
+    printf("PDE found at : 0x%x\n", (uint32_t) &boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex]);
+    uint32_t* page_table = (uint32_t*)(boot_page_directory[PageDirectoryEntryIndex] & 0xFFFFE000) ;
+    printf("Page table address: 0x%x\n", (uint32_t)page_table);
+
+      // check if the page table entry is marked as present
+    if ( page_table[PageTableEntryIndex] & 0x1 )
+    {
+        printf("page already present!\n");
+        printf("Entry found at addr: 0x%x\n", &(page_table[PageTableEntryIndex]));
+    } else{
+        printf("Mapping a physical page.\n");
+        // Map the entry to a physical page
+        page_table[PageTableEntryIndex] = (uint32_t)(paddr | 0x3);
+    }
+
+
+    asm ("invlpg (%0)" :: "r" (vaddr) : "memory" );
+}
+
+
+// NOT IMPLEMENTED
+void Immediate_Unmap(uint32_t vaddr)
+{
+    // NOTE: I will implement lazy unmapping for now 
+    //uint32_t page_aligned_address = ALIGN(vaddr, 4096);
+
+    // allocate a page at  virtual address
+    //int PageDirectoryEntryIndex = vaddr >> 22;
+    //int PageTableEntryIndex = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x1FFF;
+
+}

kernel/memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once 
 #include "../terminal/kterm.h"
-#include "../cpu.h"
+#include "../i386/processor.h"
 #include "PhysicalMemoryManager.h"
 
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ void SetupVMM();
 void AllocatePage(uint32_t v_addr );
 void FreePage(uint32_t v_addr);
 
-void Immediate_Map(uint32_t p_addr, uint32_t v_addr);
+void Immediate_Map(uint32_t vaddr, uint32_t paddr);
 void Immediate_Unmap (uint32_t v_addr);
 
 // void Demand_map(uint32_t p_addr, uint32_t v_addr);

kernel/memory/gdt/gdtc.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 #include "gdtc.h"
-#include "../terminal/kterm.h"
+#include "../../terminal/kterm.h"
 
-#define NULL_SEGMENT          0
-#define KERNEL_CODE_SEGMENT   1
-#define KERNEL_DATA_SEGMENT   2
-#define USER_CODE_SEGMENT     3
-#define USER_DATA_SEGMENT     4
 
-SegmentDescriptor GlobalDescriptorTable[5];
+SegmentDescriptor GlobalDescriptorTable[6];
 GlobalDescriptorTableDescriptor gdtDescriptor;
 
+
 void add_descriptor(int which , unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigned char access, unsigned char granularity ){
    GlobalDescriptorTable[which].base_low = (base & 0xFFFF );
    GlobalDescriptorTable[which].base_middle = (base >> 6) & 0xFF;
@@ -21,7 +17,6 @@ void add_descriptor(int which , unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigne
    GlobalDescriptorTable[which].granularity |= (granularity & 0xF0);
    GlobalDescriptorTable[which].access = access;
 
-
 }
 
 
@@ -29,9 +24,6 @@ void add_descriptor(int which , unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigne
 
 void initGDT(){
 
-#ifdef __VERBOSE__
-      printf("Init GDT!\n");
-#endif
       // NULL segment
       add_descriptor(NULL_SEGMENT, 0,0,0,0);
 
@@ -42,17 +34,13 @@ void initGDT(){
       add_descriptor(KERNEL_DATA_SEGMENT, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0x92, 0xCF);      
 
       // User Code Segment
-      // TODO:
+      add_descriptor(USER_CODE_SEGMENT, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFA, 0xCF);
       
       // User Data Segement
-      // TODO: 
-      
+      add_descriptor(USER_DATA_SEGMENT, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xF2, 0xCF);
+
       // init Gdt Descriptor
-      gdtDescriptor.limit = ((sizeof(SegmentDescriptor ) * 5 ) - 1);
-      gdtDescriptor.base = (unsigned int) &GlobalDescriptorTable;
-
-
-
-      LoadGlobalDescriptorTable();
+      gdtDescriptor.limit = ((sizeof(SegmentDescriptor ) * 6 ) - 1);
+      gdtDescriptor.base = (unsigned int) (&GlobalDescriptorTable);
 
 }

kernel/memory/gdt/gdtc.h

@@ -1,6 +1,16 @@
+#pragma once
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 
+#define NULL_SEGMENT          0
+#define KERNEL_CODE_SEGMENT   1
+#define KERNEL_DATA_SEGMENT   2
+#define USER_CODE_SEGMENT     3
+#define USER_DATA_SEGMENT     4
+#define TASK_STATE_SEGMENT    5
+
+
+
 struct SegmentDescriptor {
    unsigned short limit_low;
    unsigned short base_low;
@@ -10,18 +20,16 @@ struct SegmentDescriptor {
    unsigned char base_high;
 }__attribute__((packed));
 
+extern SegmentDescriptor GlobalDescriptorTable[6];
 
 struct GlobalDescriptorTableDescriptor{
    unsigned short limit;
    unsigned int base;
-}__attribute__((packed));
+}__attribute__((packed)) ;
 
-extern SegmentDescriptor GlobalDescriptorTable[];
-extern GlobalDescriptorTableDescriptor gdtDescriptor;
 
 
 void add_descriptor(int which , unsigned long base, unsigned long limit, unsigned char access, unsigned char granularity );
 
 
-extern "C" void LoadGlobalDescriptorTable();
 void initGDT();

kernel/memory/memory.h

@@ -5,7 +5,8 @@
 #include "memoryinfo.h"
 #include "../prekernel/multiboot.h"
 #include "../terminal/kterm.h"
-#include "../../lib/include/mem.h"
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+
 #include "../bitmap.h"
 
 #define BLOCK_SIZE 4092

kernel/pci/pci.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+#include "pci.h"
+
+void PCI::Scan(){
+     
+        int devicesFound = 0;
+
+        printf("Start finding devices, Found: %d devices");
+        // loop through all possible busses, devices and their functions;
+        for( int bus = 0 ; bus < 256 ; bus++)
+        {
+            
+            for(int device = 0; device < 32 ; device ++)
+            {
+                int function = 0;
+
+                uint64_t DeviceIdentify = PCI::ConfigReadWord(bus, device, function,0x0);
+                uint32_t DeviceID = GetDevice(bus, device, function) >> 16;
+
+                if( DeviceID != 0xFFFF){
+                    PCIBusAddress busAddress =
+                    PCIBusAddress{bus, device, function };
+
+                    PrintPCIDevice(busAddress);
+
+                    // iterate over the functions if it is a multi function device!
+                    if( PCI::IsMultiFunctionDevice(busAddress) ){
+                        printf("Multi function device! \n");
+                        printf("Check remaining Functions\n");
+                        for ( function = 1  ; function < 8; function++)
+                        {
+                            uint32_t DeviceID = GetDevice(bus, device, function) >> 16;
+
+                            if( DeviceID != 0xFFFF){
+                                PCIBusAddress busAddress2 = PCIBusAddress{bus, device, function};
+                                PrintPCIDevice(busAddress2);
+                                devicesFound++;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    
+                    }
+
+                    
+                    devicesFound++;            
+                }
+            }
+            
+        }
+
+        printf("Found %d PCI devices!\n", devicesFound);
+}
+
+const char* PCI::getClassName (uint8_t ClassCode){
+    bool isKnown = (ClassCode < PCI::KnownClassCodes);
+    return  isKnown ? PCI::ClassCodeNames[ClassCode].name : "Unknown ClassCode";
+}
+
+const char* PCI::getVendor( uint32_t VendorID){
+    switch (VendorID)
+    {
+        case 0x8086:
+            return "Intel Corporation";
+            break;
+
+        case 0x10DE:
+            return "NVIDIA Corporation";
+            break;
+
+        case 0x1022:
+            return "Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.[AMD]";
+            break;
+
+        case 0x1002:
+            return "Advanced Micor Devices, Inc.[AMD/ATI]";
+            break;
+
+        case 0xbeef:
+            return "VirtualBox Graphics Adapter";
+            break;
+
+        case 0xcafe:
+            return "VirtualBox Guest Service";
+            break;
+
+        default:
+            return "Vendor Unkown";
+            break;
+    }
+
+}
+
+uint64_t PCI::GetDevice (int bus, int device, int function ){
+    return PCI::ConfigReadWord(bus, device, function,0x0);
+}
+
+bool PCI::IsMultiFunctionDevice(PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress)
+{
+    uint32_t header_information = ConfigReadWord(PCIDeviceAddress, 0xC);
+    return (((header_information>>16)
+             & 0x80)
+            >> 7  );
+}
+
+uint16_t PCI::GetClassCodes( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress ){
+    return (uint16_t)(ConfigReadWord(PCIDeviceAddress, 0x8) >> 16);
+}
+
+uint8_t PCI::GetHeaderType( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress ){
+    uint32_t header_information = ConfigReadWord(PCIDeviceAddress , 0xC);
+    return (uint8_t) (
+            ((header_information >> 16) //Get higher half
+             & 0x00FF) // Select the last two bytes
+            & 0x7F ); // Mask bit 7 as it indicates if the device is a mulit function device!
+}
+
+uint32_t PCI::ConfigReadWord (uint8_t bus, uint8_t device, uint8_t func, uint8_t offset){
+    uint32_t address;
+
+    address = (uint32_t) (
+            ((uint32_t) 1 << PCI_ENABLE_ADDR_SHIFT) |
+            ((uint32_t)bus << PCI_BUS_ADDR_SHIFT) |
+            ((uint32_t)device << PCI_DEVICE_ADDR_SHIFT) |
+            ((uint32_t)func << PCI_FUNCTION_ADDR_SHIFT) |
+            offset );
+
+    outl(CONFIG_ADDRESS, address);
+
+
+    return inl(CONFIG_DATA);
+}
+
+uint8_t PCI::GetProgIF (PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress){
+    uint32_t data = ConfigReadWord(PCIDeviceAddress, 0x8);
+    return ((data >> 8) & 0xFF);
+}
+
+uint32_t PCI::ConfigReadWord ( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress , uint8_t offset){
+    outl(CONFIG_ADDRESS , PCIDeviceAddress.getAddress() | offset );
+    return inl(CONFIG_DATA);
+}
+
+
+uint32_t PCI::ReadBAR ( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress, int bar_number){
+    int offsetToBar = 0x10 + (bar_number* 0x4);
+    return ConfigReadWord(PCIDeviceAddress, offsetToBar);
+}
+
+void PCI::PrintPCIDevice (PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress)
+{
+    uint32_t DeviceID =  (PCI::GetDevice(PCIDeviceAddress.bus, PCIDeviceAddress.device, PCIDeviceAddress.function) >> 16);
+    uint32_t VendorID  = PCI::GetDevice(PCIDeviceAddress.bus, PCIDeviceAddress.device, PCIDeviceAddress.function) & 0xFFFF;
+    printf("Device found!\n");
+    printf("Bus: %d, Device: %d, function: %d \n", PCIDeviceAddress.bus, PCIDeviceAddress.device, PCIDeviceAddress.function);
+    printf("DeviceID: 0x%x, Vendor: %s\n",
+           DeviceID
+            , PCI::getVendor(VendorID)  );
+
+    uint8_t header_type = PCI::GetHeaderType(PCIDeviceAddress);
+    printf( "Header type: 0x%x\n", header_type);
+
+    uint16_t deviceClasses = PCI::GetClassCodes(PCIDeviceAddress);
+
+    printf("class: %s, subClass: %d\n\n", PCI::getClassName((deviceClasses >> 8)), deviceClasses & 0xFF);
+
+}

kernel/pci/pci.h

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include "../io/io.h"
+#include "../terminal/kterm.h"
+#include "pciDevice.h"
+
+// Configuration Space Access Mechanism #1
+#define CONFIG_ADDRESS 0xCF8 // Configuration adress that is to be accessed
+#define CONFIG_DATA 0xCFC // Will do the actual configuration operation
+#define PCI_BUS_ADDR_SHIFT 16
+#define PCI_DEVICE_ADDR_SHIFT  11
+#define PCI_FUNCTION_ADDR_SHIFT 8
+#define PCI_ENABLE_ADDR_SHIFT 31
+
+class PCI  {
+public:
+    static void Scan();
+    static uint32_t ConfigReadWord ( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress , uint8_t offset);
+    static uint8_t GetProgIF (PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress);
+    static uint32_t ReadBAR ( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress, int bar_number);
+    static uint32_t ConfigReadWord (uint8_t bus, uint8_t device, uint8_t func, uint8_t offset);
+    static uint8_t GetHeaderType( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress );
+    static uint16_t GetClassCodes( PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress );
+    static bool IsMultiFunctionDevice(PCIBusAddress& PCIDeviceAddress);
+    static uint64_t GetDevice (int bus, int device, int function );
+
+
+    static const char* getClassName (uint8_t ClassCode);
+    static const char* getVendor( uint32_t VendorID);
+    static void PrintPCIDevice(PCIBusAddress& PCIDevice);
+
+private:
+    struct ClassCode {
+        const char* name;
+        uint8_t code;
+    };
+    static constexpr ClassCode ClassCodeNames []= {
+            {"Unclassified", 0x0},
+            {"MassStorage Controller", 0x1},
+            {"Network Controller", 0x2},
+            {"Display Controller", 0x3},
+            {"Multimedia Controller", 0x4},
+            {"Memory Controller", 0x5},
+            {"Bridge", 0x6},
+            {"Simple Communication Controller", 0x7},
+            {"Base System Peripheral", 0x8},
+            {"Input Device Controller", 0x9},
+            {"Docking Station", 0xA},
+            {"Processor", 0xB},
+            {"Serial Bus Controller", 0xC},
+            { "Wireless Controller", 0xD},
+            {"Intelligent Controller", 0xE},
+            {"Satellite Communication Controller", 0xF},
+            {"Encryption Controller", 0x10},
+            {"Signal Processing Controller", 0x11},
+            { "Processing Accelerator", 0x12},
+            { "Non-Essential Instrumentation", 0x13}
+    };
+    static const uint8_t KnownClassCodes = sizeof(ClassCodeNames) / sizeof(ClassCode);
+};
+

kernel/prekernel/prekernel.cpp

@@ -2,15 +2,16 @@
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include "multiboot.h"
 #include "../memory/PhysicalMemoryManager.h"
+#include "../memory/VirtualMemoryManager.h"
+#include "../acpi/acpi.h"
 
 #define CHECK_FLAG(flags, bit) ((flags) & (1 <<(bit)))
 #define VADDR_TO_PADDR(vaddr) (vaddr - 0xC0000000)
 #define PADDR_TO_VADDR(paddr) (paddr + 0xC0000000)
-
+BootInfoBlock* BIB;
 
 extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi) 
 {
-
         /*
         * Check Multiboot magic number
         */ 
@@ -21,19 +22,13 @@ extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi)
         }
 
         mbi = PADDR_TO_VADDR(mbi);
-
-        
-        // Setup the physical memory manager immmediatly 
-        // Doing so saves the complications of doing it later when 
-        // paging is enabled 
-
         /*
         If we got a memory map from our bootloader we 
         should be parsing it to find out the memory regions available.
         */
         if (CHECK_FLAG(mbi->flags, 6))
-        {  
-               
+        {
+
                 // Calculate total memory size 
                 uint32_t RAM_size = 0;
                 for(
@@ -57,6 +52,8 @@ extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi)
                                 deallocate_region(mmap->addr, mmap->len);
                         if(mmap->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_ACPI_RECLAIMABLE)
                                 allocate_region(mmap->addr, mmap->len);
+                                // memory map
+                                Immediate_Map(mmap->addr , mmap->addr);
                         if(mmap->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_RESERVED)
                                 allocate_region(mmap->addr, mmap->len);
                         if(mmap->type == MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_NVS)
@@ -82,13 +79,14 @@ extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi)
         }
 
         // allocate a full block for the other boot info!
-        BootInfoBlock* BIB = (BootInfoBlock*) allocate_block();
+        BIB = (BootInfoBlock*) allocate_block();
 
         
         /* is boot device valid ? */
         if (CHECK_FLAG (mbi->flags, 1))
         {
                 BIB->bootDeviceID = mbi->boot_device;
+
         } else{
                 BIB->bootDeviceID = 0x11111111;
         }
@@ -99,8 +97,6 @@ extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi)
                 uint32_t i;
 
                 BIB->GrubModuleCount = mbi->mods_count;
-
-
                 for(i = 0, mod = (multiboot_module_t *) mbi->mods_addr; i < mbi->mods_count; i++ , mod++){
                         
                 }
@@ -135,6 +131,6 @@ extern "C" void prekernelSetup  ( unsigned long magic, multiboot_info_t* mbi)
 
                    // NOTE: Do something with it.. (Store it , process it etc...)
         } else{
-                BIB->EnabledVBE;
+                BIB->EnabledVBE  = false;
         }
 }

kernel/storage/ata pio/ATAPIO.cpp

@@ -1,113 +1,9 @@
-#include "ataDevice.h"
-#define IS_BIT_SET(x, bit) ((x >> bit & 0x1) == 1) 
+#include "ATAPIO.h"
+#include "../../io/io.h"
 
-void ATA_DEVICE::Soft_Reset(uint8_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,DEVICE_DRIVE drive){
-        printf("Soft reseting drive...\n");
-        outb(channels[DEVICE_CHANNEL].base + 7 , 0x4);
-        // wait a bit..
-        for(int i = 0 ; i < 1000000; i++){
-            asm volatile("NOP");
-        }   
-        outb(channels[DEVICE_CHANNEL].base + 7 , 0x0);
+#define IS_BIT_SET(x, bit) ((x >> bit & 0x1) == 1)
 
-}
-
-
-void ATA_DEVICE::Identify(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,DEVICE_DRIVE drive ){
-    // lets ignore which port we actually want to check for now !
-
-    /*
-        THE STEPS INVOLVED
-
-        1. Select the target drive by sending master (0x0A) or slave (0x0B) to the 
-        drive select IO port
-
-        2. Set the Sectorcount, LBAlo, LBAmid and LBAhi IO ports to 0 
-
-        3. Send the identify command (0xEC) to the command IO port 
-
-        4. Read the status port 
-            4.2 If the value is 0x0 the drive does not exist
-            4.3 If it has any other value continue
-        5. poll the status port until bit 7 is clear.
-        6. Check if the LBAmid and LBAhi ports are non-zero
-            6.2. If non-zero stop polling this is not an ATA device
-            6.3 If zero continue
-        
-        7. poll status port until bit 3 is set or bit 0 is set
-
-        8. if err is clear, read the data from the data port 
-
-
-    */
-
-   
-    //printf("channel selected: 0x%x", DEVICE_CHANNEL);
-    // Assuming Master here 
-    // Select the target drive
-    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6, drive); // on the primary bus select the master drive
-    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6 , 0x0); // write 0 to the controlport for some reason
-
-    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6, drive);
-    uint8_t status = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7 );
-    if(status == 0x00){
-        printf("No drive\n");
-        return;
-    }
-    // send the identify command;
-    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7, 0xEC);
-
-  
-   // set the sectorCount, LBAlo, LBAmid, LBA,hi IO ports to 0
-   outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 2, 0);
-
-   outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 3, 0);
-
-   outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 4, 0);
-
-   outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 5, 0);
-
-   // send the identify command ;
-   //printf("command sent!\n");
-   outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7 , 0xEC);
-
-   // read the status port 
-   uint8_t status2 = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7);
-   if( status2 == 0x00){
-       printf("No drive\n");
-       return;
-   }
-
-   //printf("Waiting until ready...\n");
-   while(((status2 & 0x80 == 0x80) 
-   && (status2 & 0x01) != 0x01)
-   ) status2 = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7);
-
-   if( status2 & 0x01){
-       printf("Error!\n");
-       return ;
-   }
-
-    uint16_t deviceIdentify [256] = {0};
-
-    for ( int i = 0; i < 256; i++){
-        uint16_t data;
-        asm volatile ("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(data): "Nd"(DEVICE_CHANNEL));
-
-        deviceIdentify[i] = data;
-    }
-
-
-    printf("Model-label (ASCII hex): ");
-    for(int i = 27; i < 47; i++){
-        kterm_put((char)(deviceIdentify[i] >> 8));
-        kterm_put((char)(deviceIdentify[i] & 0x00FF));
-    }
-    kterm_put('\n');
-
-}
-
-void ATA_DEVICE::Read(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,  DEVICE_DRIVE drive, uint32_t LBA, uint16_t* buffer) {
+void ATAPIO::Read(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,  DEVICE_DRIVE drive, uint32_t LBA, uint16_t* buffer) {
     /*
     Assume you have a sectorcount byte and a 28 bit LBA value. A sectorcount of 0 means 256 sectors = 128K.
 
@@ -128,7 +24,7 @@ void ATA_DEVICE::Read(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,  DEVICE_DRIVE drive, uint32_t LBA
         return ;
     }
 
-    printf("Read LBA: 0x%x\n", LBA);
+    //printf("Read LBA: 0x%x\n", LBA);
     // Send 0xE0 for the "master" or 0xF0 for the "slave", ORed with the highest 4 bits of the LBA to port 0x1F6: outb(0x1F6, 0xE0 | (slavebit << 4) | ((LBA >> 24) & 0x0F))
     outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6 , ( 0xE0 | (LBA >>28) ) );
     // Send a NULL byte to port 0x1F1, if you like (it is ignored and wastes lots of CPU time): outb(0x1F1, 0x00)
@@ -156,7 +52,7 @@ void ATA_DEVICE::Read(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,  DEVICE_DRIVE drive, uint32_t LBA
         return;
     }
 
-    printf("Status: %x\n", status);
+    //printf("Status: %x\n", status);
     // Check if busy!
     while((status & 0x80) == 0x80){
         printf("Reading....\r");
@@ -189,6 +85,115 @@ void ATA_DEVICE::Read(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL,  DEVICE_DRIVE drive, uint32_t LBA
 
 }
 
-void ATA_DEVICE::Write(uint16_t DEVICE_CHANNEL, DEVICE_DRIVE drive) {
+void ATAPIO::Write(uint16_t data, DEVICE_DRIVE dev){
+
     printf("Not implemented\n");
-}
+
+}
+
+bool ATAPIO::Identify(ATAPIO_PORT DEVICE_CHANNEL, DEVICE_DRIVE drive ){
+    // lets ignore which port we actually want to check for now !
+
+    /*
+        THE STEPS INVOLVED
+
+        1. Select the target drive by sending master (0x0A) or slave (0x0B) to the
+        drive select IO port
+
+        2. Set the Sectorcount, LBAlo, LBAmid and LBAhi IO ports to 0
+
+        3. Send the identify command (0xEC) to the command IO port
+
+        4. Read the status port
+            4.2 If the value is 0x0 the drive does not exist
+            4.3 If it has any other value continue
+        5. poll the status port until bit 7 is clear.
+        6. Check if the LBAmid and LBAhi ports are non-zero
+            6.2. If non-zero stop polling this is not an ATA device
+            6.3 If zero continue
+
+        7. poll status port until bit 3 is set or bit 0 is set
+
+        8. if err is clear, read the data from the data port
+
+
+    */
+
+
+    //printf("channel selected: 0x%x", DEVICE_CHANNEL);
+    // Assuming Master here
+    // Select the target drive
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6, drive); // on the primary bus select the master drive
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6 , 0x0); // write 0 to the controlport for some reason
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 6, drive);
+    uint8_t status = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7 );
+    if(status == 0x00){
+        printf("No drive\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+    // send the identify command;
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7, 0xEC);
+
+
+    // set the sectorCount, LBAlo, LBAmid, LBA,hi IO ports to 0
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 2, 0);
+
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 3, 0);
+
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 4, 0);
+
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 5, 0);
+
+    // send the identify command ;
+    //printf("command sent!\n");
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7 , 0xEC);
+
+    // read the status port
+    uint8_t status2 = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7);
+    if( status2 == 0x00){
+        printf("No drive\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    //printf("Waiting until ready...\n");
+    while(((status2 & 0x80 == 0x80)
+           && (status2 & 0x01) != 0x01)
+            ) status2 = inb(DEVICE_CHANNEL | 7);
+
+    if( status2 & 0x01){
+        printf("Error!\n");
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    uint16_t deviceIdentify [256] = {0};
+
+    for ( int i = 0; i < 256; i++){
+        uint16_t data;
+        asm volatile ("inw %1, %0" : "=a"(data): "Nd"(DEVICE_CHANNEL));
+
+        deviceIdentify[i] = data;
+    }
+
+
+    printf("Model-label (ASCII hex): ");
+    for(int i = 27; i < 47; i++){
+        kterm_put((char)(deviceIdentify[i] >> 8));
+        kterm_put((char)(deviceIdentify[i] & 0x00FF));
+    }
+    kterm_put('\n');
+    return true;
+}
+
+void ATAPIO::Soft_Reset(ATAPIO_PORT DEVICE_CHANNEL, DEVICE_DRIVE drive){
+    printf("Soft reseting drive...\n");
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL + 7 , 0x4);
+    // wait a bit..
+    for(int i = 0 ; i < 1000000; i++){
+        asm volatile("NOP");
+    }
+    outb(DEVICE_CHANNEL + 7 , 0x0);
+
+}
+
+
+

kernel/storage/ata pio/ATAPIO.h

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
+#include "../ide/ideCommands.h"
+#include "../ide/sampleIDE.definitions.h"
+#include "../../devices/BlockDevice.h"
+#include "../../terminal/kterm.h"
+
+/*
+* This first driver wil make use of IO ports.
+* Doing so means reading or writing from disk is going
+* to be very cpu intensive.
+*/
+
+enum DEVICE_DRIVE{
+    MASTER = 0xA0,
+    SLAVE = 0xB0
+};
+
+
+enum  ATAPIO_PORT {
+    Primary = 0x1f0,
+    Secondary = 0x170
+};
+
+
+
+class ATAPIO
+{
+public:
+    static bool Identify(ATAPIO_PORT, DEVICE_DRIVE);
+    static void Read (uint16_t, DEVICE_DRIVE, uint32_t, uint16_t*);
+    static void Write(uint16_t, DEVICE_DRIVE);
+    static void Soft_Reset(ATAPIO_PORT , DEVICE_DRIVE );
+};
+
+

kernel/storage/atapi/atapiDevice.h

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <stdint.h>
-#include "../io/io.h"
+#include "../../io/io.h"
 #include "../ide/ideCommands.h"
 #include "../ide/sampleIDE.definitions.h"
 

kernel/storage/filesystems/FAT/FAT.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 21/02/23.
+//
+#include "FAT.h"
+#include "../../ata pio/ATAPIO.h"
+#include "../../../memory/KernelHeap.h"
+#include "../../partitiontables/mbr/MasterBootRecord.h"
+#include "../../../../CoreLib/ctype.h"
+#include "../../../../CoreLib/Memory.h"
+#include <CoreLib/Memory.h>
+#include <CoreLib/ctype.h>
+
+// exposed driver API
+FS_SUPER* FAT::Mount(filesystem *fs, const char* name , vfsmount *mnt)
+{
+
+    if( strncmp (fs->name, "fat", 3 ) != 0 )
+    {
+        printf("Can't mount filesystem with none fat type!\n");
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+    auto* bpb =  GetBiosParameterBlock();
+    auto fat_type = DetermineFATType(bpb);
+
+    if(fat_type != FAT_TYPE::FAT16)
+        return nullptr;
+
+    FS_SUPER* sb = (FS_SUPER*) malloc(sizeof(FS_SUPER));
+    DirectoryNode* root = (DirectoryNode*) malloc(sizeof (DirectoryNode));
+    inode* node = (inode*) malloc(sizeof(inode));
+
+    root->children = nullptr;
+    node->internal = (void*)FAT::GetSectorOfRootDirectory(bpb); //sector number;
+    node->lookup = FAT::Lookup;
+    root->name = (char*) name;
+    root->node = node;
+    root->parent = nullptr;
+    root->compare = FAT::Compare;
+    mnt->mnt_count =1;
+    mnt->mnt_devname = "QEMU HDD";
+    mnt->mnt_flags = 0;
+    mnt->mnt_parent = nullptr;
+    mnt->root = root;
+    mnt->sb = sb;
+    sb->type = fs;
+    sb->root = root;
+    sb->fs_info = bpb;
+
+    return sb;
+}
+FILE FAT::Open(char* filename){
+
+    return (FILE){nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr, 1} ;
+}
+int FAT::Read(FILE* file, void* buffer , unsigned int length)
+{
+
+    if(file == nullptr)
+    {
+        printf("NO FILE!!\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+    inode* node = file->root;
+
+    if(node== nullptr)
+    {
+        printf("No INODE!\n");
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    int cluster = (int)node->internal;
+    auto* bpb = FAT::GetBiosParameterBlock();
+
+    unsigned int FAT_entry = FAT::GetFATEntry(bpb, cluster);
+    unsigned int root_dir_sector = FAT::RootDirSize(bpb);
+    unsigned int fat_size = bpb->FATSz16;
+    unsigned int first_data_sector = bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * fat_size) + root_dir_sector;
+    unsigned int file_data_sector = ((cluster - 2) * bpb->SecPerClus) + first_data_sector;
+
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, file_data_sector, (uint16_t*)buffer);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int FAT::Write(FILE* file, const void* buffer, unsigned int length)
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int FAT::Compare (DirectoryNode*, char* filename, char* filename2)
+{
+    //TODO Implement proper compare method for 8.3 filenames
+   // printf("COMPARE: %s with %s\n", filename, filename2);
+    return memcmp(filename, filename2, 11);
+}
+
+int FAT::Create(inode* dir_node, inode** target, const char* component_name){}
+
+DirectoryNode* FAT::Lookup (inode* currentDir , DirectoryNode*  dir)
+{
+
+    uint16_t data[256];
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, (int)currentDir->internal , data);
+
+    List* lastAdded = nullptr;
+    auto* directory = (DIR*)data;
+    for(int i = 0; i < sizeof(data) / sizeof (DIR); i++)
+    {
+        DIR* entry = (DIR*)((uint32_t)directory + (i * sizeof(DIR)));
+
+
+        if(
+            entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR ||
+            entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_VOLUME_ID ||
+            entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_SYSTEM ||
+            entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_HIDDEN
+        ){
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        if( entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_DIRECTORY){
+            printf("entry in directory\n");
+            for(int i = 0; i < 11 ;i ++)
+                kterm_put(entry->Name[i]);
+            kterm_put('\n');
+        }
+
+
+
+
+        if( entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR_2 )
+            break;
+
+        auto* dirNode = (DirectoryNode*) malloc(sizeof (DirectoryNode));
+
+        char* name = (char*)malloc(sizeof(char[11]));
+        memcpy(name, entry->Name, 11 );
+        dirNode->name = name;
+        dirNode->compare = dir->compare;
+        dirNode->parent = dir;
+
+        dirNode->node= (inode*) malloc(sizeof (inode));
+        dirNode->node->internal = (void*)entry->FstClusLo;
+
+        dirNode->node->read = currentDir->read;
+        dirNode->node->lookup = currentDir->lookup;
+        dirNode->node->sb = currentDir->sb;
+        dirNode->node->size = entry->FileSize;
+
+        List* dirlist = (List*) malloc(sizeof (List));
+        dirlist->data = dirNode;
+        dirlist->next = nullptr;
+
+        lastAdded = dirlist;
+        auto* temp = dir->children;
+        dir->children = lastAdded;
+        lastAdded->next = temp;
+
+
+    }
+
+    return (DirectoryNode*)dir;
+}
+
+// internal functions
+FAT_TYPE FAT::DetermineFATType(BiosParameterBlock* bpb){
+    int RootDirSector = ((bpb->RootEntCnt * 32) + (bpb->BytsPerSec -1)) / bpb->BytsPerSec;
+    int FATSz = 0;
+    if(bpb->FATSz16 != 0){
+        FATSz = bpb->FATSz16;
+    } else{
+       // FATSz = bpb->FATSz32;
+
+    }
+    int TotSec = 0;
+    if(bpb->TotSec16 != 0){
+        TotSec= bpb->TotSec16;
+    }else{
+        TotSec = bpb->TotSec32;
+    }
+
+    int DataSec = TotSec - (bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * FATSz) + RootDirSector);
+    int CountofClusters = DataSec / bpb->SecPerClus;
+
+    if(CountofClusters < 4085){
+        return FAT_TYPE::FAT12;
+    } else if (CountofClusters < 65525) {
+        return FAT_TYPE::FAT16;
+    } else{
+        return FAT_TYPE::FAT32;
+    }
+};
+BiosParameterBlock* FAT::GetBiosParameterBlock(bool DEBUG  ){
+    BiosParameterBlock* bpb = (BiosParameterBlock*) malloc(sizeof(BiosParameterBlock));
+    uint16_t StartAddress = 0x00 ;
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, StartAddress, (uint16_t*) bpb);
+
+    if(DEBUG)
+    {
+        printf("OEM ID: %s\n", bpb->OEMName);
+        printf("Bytes per sector: %d\n", bpb->BytsPerSec);
+        printf("Sectors per cluster: %d\n", bpb->SecPerClus);
+        printf("Reserved sectors: %d\n", bpb->RsvdSecCnt);
+        printf("Number of FAT: %d\n", bpb->NumFATs);
+        printf("Number of Dir entries: %d\n", bpb->RootEntCnt);
+        printf("Total Sectors in volume: %d\n", bpb->TotSec16 == 0 ? bpb->TotSec32 : bpb->TotSec16);
+        printf("Sectors per FAT: %d\n", bpb->FATSz16 );
+    }
+
+    return bpb;
+}
+uint16_t FAT::GetFATEntry (BiosParameterBlock* bpb, unsigned int cluster){
+    int FATSz = bpb->FATSz16;
+    int FATOffset = 0;
+    FAT_TYPE type = FAT::DetermineFATType(bpb);
+    if( type == FAT_TYPE::FAT16){
+        FATOffset = cluster *2;
+    } else if( type == FAT_TYPE::FAT32){
+        FATOffset = cluster * 4;
+    }
+    int thisFATSecNum = bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (FATOffset / bpb->BytsPerSec); // Sector number containing the entry for the cluster
+
+    // For any other FAT other than the default
+    // SectorNumber = (FATNumber * FATSz) + ThisFATSecNum
+
+    uint16_t buff[bpb->BytsPerSec];
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, thisFATSecNum, buff );
+    int thisFATEntOffset = FATOffset % bpb->BytsPerSec; // offset  for the entry in the sector containing the entry for the cluster
+    uint16_t ClusterEntryValue = 0;
+    // Get the FATEntry
+    if(type == FAT_TYPE::FAT16){
+        return *((uint16_t*) &buff[thisFATEntOffset]);
+
+    }
+    else{
+        // FAT32 logic
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+}
+uint16_t FAT::DetermineFreeSpace()
+{
+    // Loop through all FAT entries in all FAT's
+    // to construct a list of free/available clusters
+    // Free clusters are recorded with all 0's except on FAT32 where
+    // the highest order 4 bits should be ignored.
+
+/*
+ * The number of sectors reserved for each FAT (count of sectors in the BPB_FATSz16 or
+BPB_FATSz32 fields) may be bigger than the actual number of sectors required for
+containing the entire FAT. Therefore, there may be totally unused FAT sectors at the end of
+each FAT in the FAT region of the volume. Each implementation must determine the value
+for the last valid sector in the FAT using CountOfClusters (the last valid sector in the FAT
+is the one containing the FAT entry numbered CountOfClusters + 1).
+All sectors reserved for the FAT beyond the last valid sector (defined as the one containing
+the FAT entry for the last cluster) must be set to 0x0 during volume initialization/format.
+ */
+
+
+}
+int FAT::GetSectorOfRootDirectory (BiosParameterBlock* bpb)
+{
+   return (bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * bpb->FATSz16));
+}
+unsigned int FAT::RootDirSize(BiosParameterBlock* bpb)
+{
+    return ((bpb->RootEntCnt * 32) + (bpb->BytsPerSec -1)) /bpb->BytsPerSec;
+
+}
+void FAT::OpenSubdir(DIR* directory, BiosParameterBlock* bpb ){
+
+    unsigned int cluster = directory->FstClusLo;
+    printf("Listing contents of " );
+
+     for(unsigned char n : directory->Name){
+         if(n == 0x20)
+             continue;
+         kterm_put(n);
+     }
+    kterm_put('\n');
+    printf("FsCluHi: 0x%x , FsCluLo: 0x%x\n", directory->FstClusHi, directory->FstClusLo);
+    printf("Cluster: 0x%x\n", cluster);
+    unsigned int FATEntry = FAT::GetFATEntry(bpb, cluster);
+    printf("FAT_Entry: 0x%x\n", FATEntry);
+
+    unsigned int root_dir_sectors = FAT::RootDirSize(bpb);
+    unsigned int fat_size = bpb->FATSz16;
+    unsigned int first_data_sector = bpb->RsvdSecCnt + ( bpb->NumFATs * fat_size) + root_dir_sectors;
+    unsigned int first_directory_sector = ((cluster - 2) * bpb->SecPerClus) + first_data_sector;
+    printf("Directory first sector 0x%x\n" , first_directory_sector);
+    uint16_t data[256];
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, first_directory_sector, data);
+
+    auto* directoryContents = (DIR*) data;
+    for(int i = 0; i < sizeof(data) / sizeof(DIR); i++){
+        DIR* entry = (DIR*)((uint32_t)directoryContents + (i * sizeof(DIR)));
+
+        if(entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR || entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR_2 || entry->Name[0] == 0xE5)
+            continue;
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_HIDDEN){
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_SYSTEM)
+            continue;
+
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_VOLUME_ID){
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_LONG_NAME)){
+            for(char n : entry->Name){
+                if(n == 0x20)
+                    continue;
+                kterm_put(n);
+            }
+            kterm_put('\n');
+        }else{
+            printf("LFN\n");
+        }
+
+    }
+
+}
+void FAT::ReadFileContents(DIR* fileEntry , BiosParameterBlock* bpb){
+    unsigned int cluster = fileEntry->FstClusLo;
+    printf("cluster NR: %x\n", cluster);
+    unsigned int FATEntry = FAT::GetFATEntry(bpb, cluster);
+    unsigned int root_dir_sectors = FAT::RootDirSize(bpb);
+    unsigned int fat_size = bpb->FATSz16;
+    unsigned int first_data_sector = bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * fat_size) + root_dir_sectors;
+    unsigned int file_data_sector = ((cluster -2) * bpb->SecPerClus) + first_data_sector;
+    printf("FAT entry = %x\n", FATEntry);
+    uint16_t data[256];
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, file_data_sector, data);
+
+    for (unsigned short n : data)
+    {
+        kterm_put(n & 0x00ff);
+        kterm_put(n >> 8);
+    }
+    kterm_put('\n');
+
+}
+void FAT::ListRootDirectoryContents(BiosParameterBlock* bpb){
+    int total_sectors = bpb->TotSec32;
+    int fat_size = bpb->FATSz16;
+    int root_dir_sectors = FAT::RootDirSize(bpb);
+    int first_data_sector = bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * fat_size) + root_dir_sectors ;
+    int data_sectors = bpb->TotSec32 - (bpb->RsvdSecCnt + (bpb->NumFATs * fat_size) + root_dir_sectors);
+    int total_clusters = data_sectors / bpb->SecPerClus;
+
+
+    int first_root_dir_sector = first_data_sector - root_dir_sectors;
+    //int first_sector_of_cluster = ((cluster - 2) * bpb->SecPerClus) + first_data_sector;
+    uint16_t data[256];
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, first_root_dir_sector, data);
+
+    auto* RootDirectory = (DIR*)data;
+    for(int i = 0; i < sizeof(data) / sizeof (DIR); i++)
+    {
+        DIR* entry = (DIR*)((uint32_t)RootDirectory + (i * sizeof(DIR)));
+
+
+        if(entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR || entry->Name[0] == FAT::FREE_DIR_2 || entry->Name[0] == 0xE5){
+            continue;
+        }
+
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_HIDDEN){
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_SYSTEM)
+            continue;
+
+
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_VOLUME_ID){
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (!(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_LONG_NAME)){
+            for(char n : entry->Name){
+                if(n == 0x20)
+                    continue;
+                kterm_put(n);
+            }
+        }else{
+            printf("Long file name detected!");
+        }
+
+        printf(" [Size: %d bytes, Attributes: %d]\n", entry->ATTR, entry->FileSize);
+        if(entry->ATTR & FAT::ATTRIBUTES::ATTR_DIRECTORY ){
+            FAT::OpenSubdir(entry, bpb);
+        } else {
+            FAT::ReadFileContents(entry, bpb);
+        }
+
+    }
+}
+
+

kernel/storage/filesystems/FAT/FAT.h

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 21/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+#include "../../vfs/vfs_types.h"
+#include "../../vfs/vfs_types.h"
+#include "../../partitiontables/mbr/MasterBootRecord.h"
+
+struct ExtendedBootRecord_FAT16{
+    uint8_t DrvNum;
+    uint8_t Reserved1;
+    uint8_t BootSig;
+    const uint32_t VolID;
+    uint8_t VolLab [11];
+    uint8_t FilSysType [8];
+    uint8_t bootCode [448];
+    uint16_t Signature_word;
+    uint8_t SecRmndr[512];
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+struct BiosParameterBlock {
+    uint8_t jmpBoot[3];
+    uint8_t OEMName [8];
+    uint16_t  BytsPerSec ; // I suspect would be 512
+    uint8_t SecPerClus ;
+    uint16_t RsvdSecCnt;
+    uint8_t NumFATs; // Probably equals 2
+    uint16_t RootEntCnt; // Root directory must contain entire sectors
+    uint16_t TotSec16 ; // 0 means >65535 sectors in volume , actual count can be found in LargeSectorCount
+    uint8_t Media ; // Indication the media descriptor type
+    uint16_t FATSz16;// only in FAT12 / FAT 16
+    uint16_t SecPerTrk;
+    uint16_t NumHeads;
+    uint32_t HiddSec;
+    uint32_t TotSec32;
+    ExtendedBootRecord_FAT16 ebpb;
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+struct DIR {
+    uint8_t Name [11];
+    uint8_t ATTR ;
+    uint8_t NTRes;
+    uint8_t CrtTimeTenth; // File Creation time component - count of tenths of a second (between 0 and 199)
+    uint16_t CrtTime; // Creation time. Granularity is 2 seconds
+    uint16_t CrtDate; // Creation date.
+    uint16_t LstAccDate; // Last Access Date (Last read or write date)
+    uint16_t FstClusHi; // High Word of first data cluster for file/directory described
+    uint16_t WrtTime; // Last Modification time | Must equal CrtTime
+    uint16_t WrtDate; // Last Modification date |  Must equal CrtDate
+    uint16_t FstClusLo; // Low word of first data cluster for file/directory described
+    uint32_t FileSize; // size in bytes of file/directory described
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+
+enum struct FAT_TYPE{
+    FAT12,
+    FAT16,
+    FAT32,
+    VFAT,
+    UNKOWN
+};
+
+class FAT {
+public:
+
+    // Wanted API for vfs
+    static FILE Open(char* filename);
+    static int close(FILE* file);
+    static int Read(FILE* file, void* buffer , unsigned  int length);
+    static int Write(FILE* file, const void* buffer, unsigned int length);
+    static int Create(inode* dir_node, inode** target, const char* component_name);
+    static DirectoryNode* Lookup(inode* , DirectoryNode*);
+    static int Compare(DirectoryNode* , char *filename, char *filename2);
+    static FS_SUPER* Mount(filesystem* fs, const char* name , vfsmount* mount);
+
+    static const int FREE = 0x0000;
+    static const int ALLOCATED = 0x0002;
+    static const int BAD = 0xFFF7;
+    static const int EOF = 0xFFFF;
+
+    static const int ClnShutBitMask = 0x8000;
+    static const int HrdErrBitMask = 0x4000;
+
+    static const char DOS_TRAILING_SPACE = 0x20;
+    static const char FREE_DIR = 0xE5; // If KANJI charset 0x05
+    static const char FREE_DIR_2 = 0x00; // All directories after this are free including this one
+    static void ListRootDirectoryContents(BiosParameterBlock* bpb );
+    static BiosParameterBlock* GetBiosParameterBlock(bool DEBUG =false );
+
+
+    enum ATTRIBUTES {
+        ATTR_READ_ONLY = 0x01,
+        ATTR_HIDDEN = 0x02,
+        ATTR_SYSTEM = 0x04,
+        ATTR_VOLUME_ID = 0x08,
+        ATTR_DIRECTORY = 0x10,
+        ATTR_ARCHIVE = 0x20,
+        ATTR_LONG_NAME = (ATTR_READ_ONLY | ATTR_HIDDEN | ATTR_SYSTEM | ATTR_VOLUME_ID)
+    };
+
+private:
+
+    static FAT_TYPE DetermineFATType(BiosParameterBlock* bpb);
+    static uint16_t GetFATEntry(BiosParameterBlock*, unsigned int);
+    static uint16_t DetermineFreeSpace();
+    static int GetSectorOfRootDirectory(BiosParameterBlock*);
+    static unsigned int RootDirSize(BiosParameterBlock*);
+    static void OpenSubdir (DIR*, BiosParameterBlock*);
+    static void ReadFileContents(DIR *fileEntry, BiosParameterBlock *bpb);
+
+    enum ENTRY_SIZE {
+        FAT12 = 12,
+        FAT16 = 16,
+        FAT32 = 32
+    };
+
+
+
+};

kernel/storage/filesystems/FAT/msdosDate.h

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 23/02/23.
+//
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "../../../terminal/kterm.h"
+#include "../../../memory/KernelHeap.h"
+#include "../../../../CoreLib/Memory.h"
+
+// Date Format
+// [0..4] Day
+// [5..8] Month
+// [9..15] Year
+class MSDOSDATE {
+    static void ParseDate(unsigned int date){
+        printf("Date (hex) 0x%x\n", date);
+        unsigned int year = (date >> 9 )+ 1980;
+        unsigned int month = (date & 0xf0   ) >> 4;
+        unsigned int day = date & 0xf ;
+        printf("Date: (D,M,Y) %d, %d ,%d\n", day , month, year );
+    }
+};
+
+
+
+// Time Format
+// [0..4] Seconds
+// [5..10] Minute
+// [11..15] Hour
+class MSDOSTIME {
+    static void ParseTime(unsigned int time)
+    {
+        printf("Time (hex) 0x%x\n", time);
+        unsigned int seconds =  ( time & 0x0f) * 2;
+        unsigned int minutes = (time & 0xf0);
+        unsigned int hours = (time & 0xf00);
+        printf("Time (H:M:S) %d:%d:%d\n", hours, minutes, seconds);
+    }
+};
+
+

kernel/storage/ide/ide.h

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <stdint.h> 
-#include "../pci/pciDevice.h"
-#include "../pci/pci.h"
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
 #include "../../terminal/kterm.h"
 #include "ideCommands.h"
 #include "sampleIDE.h"
+#include "../../pci/pciDevice.h"
+#include "../../pci/pci.h"
 
 #define IS_BIT_SET(x, bit) ((x >> bit & 0x1) == 1) 
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ inline void TestIDEController(){
     int device =1  , function = 1;
     PCIBusAddress IDEControllerPCIAddress = PCIBusAddress{bus,device, function};
 
-    uint8_t ProgIF = GetProgIF(IDEControllerPCIAddress);
+    uint8_t ProgIF = PCI::GetProgIF(IDEControllerPCIAddress);
     printf( "ProgIF: 0x%x\n" ,ProgIF);
 
     //CheckProgIF(ProgIF);
@@ -66,15 +66,15 @@ inline void TestIDEController(){
 
     uint32_t BAR0,BAR1,BAR2,BAR3, BAR4;
 
-    BAR0 = ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 0); 
+    BAR0 = PCI::ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 0);
 
-    BAR1 = ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 1);
+    BAR1 = PCI::ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 1);
 
-    BAR2 = ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 2);
+    BAR2 = PCI::ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 2);
 
-    BAR3 = ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 3);
+    BAR3 = PCI::ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 3);
 
-    BAR4 = ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 4);
+    BAR4 = PCI::ReadBAR(IDEControllerPCIAddress, 4);
 
     // All bars are return 0xffffff for some as of yet mysterious reason!
     printf( "BAR 0: 0x%x\n", BAR0);

kernel/storage/ide/sampleIDE.h

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
-#include <stdint.h> 
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
 #include "../../terminal/kterm.h"
 #include "sampleIDE.definitions.h"
 #include "ideCommands.h"
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ inline void init_IDE( uint32_t BAR0, uint32_t BAR1,uint32_t BAR2, uint32_t BAR3,
 
 
 // 3- Detect ATA-ATAPI Devices:
-void DetectDevices(){
+inline void DetectDevices(){
    int i, j, k, count = 0;
 
    for (i = 0; i < 2; i++)
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ void DetectDevices(){
 }
 
 
-void Detect_IO_Ports(uint32_t BAR0, uint32_t BAR1,uint32_t BAR2, uint32_t BAR3, uint32_t BAR4){
+inline void Detect_IO_Ports(uint32_t BAR0, uint32_t BAR1,uint32_t BAR2, uint32_t BAR3, uint32_t BAR4){
     // 1 Detect I/O Ports which interface an IDE Controller
 
    // Based on the implementation within serenity
@@ -239,4 +239,20 @@ void Detect_IO_Ports(uint32_t BAR0, uint32_t BAR1,uint32_t BAR2, uint32_t BAR3,
     channels[ATA_PRIMARY  ].bmide = (BAR4 & (~1)) + 0; // Bus Master IDE
     channels[ATA_SECONDARY].bmide = (BAR4 & (~1)) + 8; // Bus Master IDE
 
+}
+
+
+bool driveAvailable(){
+    int devNumber = 0;
+    for ( auto device : ide_devices){
+        if(!device.Reserved)
+            continue;
+        devNumber++;
+    }
+
+
+    // FIXME: If no drive is connected we continue trying to read from
+    // a not connected drive!
+    //ATAPIO::Identify((uint16_t) BUS_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER);
+    return true;
 }

kernel/storage/partitions/partitionManager.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 23/02/23.
+//
+
+#include "partitionManager.h"
+
+bool partitionManager::Validate( )
+{
+
+    //auto* bootParams = getBPB(this, true);
+
+    //if(bootParams->OEM_id) {
+    //    return true;
+    //}
+
+    return true;
+
+}

kernel/storage/partitions/partitionManager.h

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+//
+// Created by nigel on 23/02/23.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+class partitionManager {
+public:
+    static bool Validate();
+
+};
+

kernel/storage/partitiontables/mbr/MasterBootRecord.h

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#pragma once 
+#include <stdint-gcc.h>
+#include "PartitionTableEntry.h"
+#include "../../../memory/KernelHeap.h"
+#include "../../ata pio/ATAPIO.h"
+
+struct MBR {
+    uint8_t code [440];
+    uint32_t uniqueID;
+    uint16_t Reserved;
+    struct PartitionTableEntry TableEntries[4];
+    uint16_t ValidBootsector;
+}__attribute__((packed));
+
+
+inline MBR* GetPartitions(bool DEBUG = false){
+    const int C = 0;
+    const int H = 0;
+    const int HPC = 16;
+    const int SPT = 63;
+
+    int S =1;
+    uint32_t LBA = (C*HPC+H) * SPT + (S-1);
+
+    uint16_t* mbr =(uint16_t*) malloc(sizeof (MBR));
+
+    ATAPIO::Read(ATAPIO_PORT::Primary, DEVICE_DRIVE::MASTER, LBA,  mbr );
+    auto bootRecord = (MBR*)(mbr);
+
+    printf("MBR (In Memory) Address 0x%x, Size = %d\n", bootRecord, sizeof (MBR));
+    if(DEBUG){
+        printf("BootSector: 0x%x\n", bootRecord->ValidBootsector );
+        for( int i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i ++){
+            PartitionTableEntry PT = bootRecord->TableEntries[i];
+
+            printf("Partition %d [  %d sectors,  PartitionType: 0x%x, 0x%x, \nLBA Start: 0x%x ]\n" ,
+                   i, PT.Number_sectors_inPartition, PT.PartitionType, bootRecord->uniqueID,  PT.LBA_partition_start );
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    return bootRecord;
+}